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Beads on rods to count and calculate

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Based on Napier's rules for logarithm

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first stored pro gram- metal cards

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Difference Engine
analytical Engine-Stored numbers on metal punch cards, accurate to 6 decimal places, powered by steam.

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1st generation computers used vaccum tubes with no air inside to protect circuity

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Programmed UNIVAC

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Moth stuck in relay switch. Grace hopper called it debugging a computer

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used silicon, Used Nobel prize, on-off switch.

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first fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S, Created at the university of Pennsylvania , weighed 30 tons, cost $487,000.

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2nd Generation computers replaced vacuum tubes with

transistors

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instructions for a computer that are loaded each time the computer is turned on

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3rd generations computers used integrated Circuits that were made of transistors, resistors and capacitators integrated into one chip

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4th generation computers had microchips.
intel 4004 microchips had 2,250 transistors

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256 bytes of memory
cost $395-495
2 MHz intel 8080 chip

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released apple ll computer that was used in most schools.
First commercial with graphic user interface with gui and mouse

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1. first wide selling computer
2. 8088 microchip 29,000 transistors
3.256 K RAM

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Computers in most homes
faster and less expensive
windows 95 was 1st decent GUI

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Great increase in speed, storage and memory.
Networking and internet capabilities.