# data[].attributes.body
Science-Organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world
Observation-process of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way
Hypothesis-proposed explanation based on limited evidence
Inference- a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge
Independent Variable-the variable that is changed deliberately
Dependent Variable- the variable that changes as a result of the independent variable
Control Group-the group in an experiment that is exposed to the same conditions as experimental except for the independent variable
Analyze- the process as a method of studying the nature of something or of determining its essential features and their relations
Law- a generalized rule to explain a body of observations that always applies under the same conditions
Theory-well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses, and enables scientists to make accurate predictions

The scientific method is how scientists discover how the world works. The five basic steps to the scientific method are to observe, ask a question form a hypothesis conduct an experiment, then to analyze and draw a conclusion. Another important key is to repeat the results to ensure that the information is valid. The components of a basic experiment are a hypothesis, an independent variable, a dependent variable, control, constants, analysis, and a conclusion. The independent variable is what is being changed in an experiment. Th dependent variable is what is being measured in an experiment. The control is the unaffected trial and the constants are what remain the same. The analysis is how the scientist makes sense of the results of the experiment and compares it to the real world. If an experiment has been well-tested and allows scientists to make accurate predictions on the outcome of the event, then it is a theory. A theory only becomes a law if the results never change.
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUa-ilQqEv0
Website:
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/steps-of-the-scientific-method

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Cell Membrane- thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Cell Wall- strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane found in plant cells
Chloroplast-organelles found in plant cells- and some other organisms- that captures the energy from sunlight
Endoplasmic Reticulum- internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells where lipid components of the membrane are assembled
Golgi Apparatus- organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the E.R.
Mitochondria-organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell
Nucleus-the structure in a cell that contains the DNA, only in eukaryotic cells
cytoplasm-a thick solution that encompasses all of a cells organelles
Eukaryote-organism whose cells contain a nucleus
Prokaryote- unicellular organism that does not contain an organism

The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells. There are many different types of cells, but they can be split into two categories: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not contain a nucleus, but eukaryotes do have a nucleus. A nucleus in a cell contains DNA that tells the cell's organelles what to do. Other highly important cell organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, the ribosomes, the mitocondria, and the vacuole. The gogli apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum are responsible for making and packaging proteins using the ribosomes. The mitochondria conduct cellular respiration, which is the process that makes food for the cell. In plant cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts make food for the cell. Vacuoles store water. In plant cells, there is a large central vacuole that holds water. Also, plant cells have a cell wall and a phospholipid bilayer(cell membrane
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8
Website: https://biologywise.com/parts-of-cell

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Cohesion-a force of attraction between like molecules
Adhesion-a force of attraction between different kinds of molecules
Surface Tension-a force produced on the surface of water when there is strong attraction between water molecules
Phospholipid Bilayer-hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic ails that act as cushioning between the heads
Concentration Gradient-particles passing from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Isotonic-when concentration of the two gradients is the same
Hypotonic-when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser amount of solutes that needs water to come in
Hypertonic- when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes that needs water to leave the cell
Catalyst-a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical change
Enzyme- protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions
Subtrate- a reactant of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction

Water has five properties: it’s polar, it is a universal solvent, it has a low density, it’s cohesive and adhesive, and has a high specific heat. Water is made of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atoms are a positive and the oxygen atom has a negative pole. They form a covalent bond, meaning they share electrons. It is because of the polarity that water is many solutes are able to dissolve in water, making it a universal solvent. The colder water gets, the less dense the molecules become; the molecules  have a lower mass per square unit. Water also has a high specific heat. It takes a long time for water to reach a certain degree. So it maintains a low density because it takes longer for water to rise in temperature. More properties of water are it’s cohesiveness and adhesiveness. Cohesive means sticking together. That’s why a water molecule binds with other water molecules in a water droplet. The adhesive property is when water does not stick to any other molecules, except itself, causing the water droplet to stay in place. The cohesive and adhesive properties allow water to be transported in a cell. It bonds with itself in the vacuole so that it is all in one place, then moves throughout the cell by retracting other molecules.
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jwAGWky98c
Website:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Properties_of_Liquids/Unusual_Properties_of_Water

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Mitosis- asexual reproduction where the nucleus divides, resulting in 2 identical daughter cells
Chromosomes-a threadlike structure of DNA that contains genetic information
Chromatin-substance found in eukaryotic cells that has DNA tightly coiled around histones
Centromere-a region of a chromosome where to chromatids attach
Cytokenesis-a division of cytplasm to form two separate daughter cells
Meiosis- the process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes of homologous chromosomes
Diploid- a term used to refer to a cell that has two sets
Haploid-a term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes
Homologous Chromosomes- refers to chromosomes in which one set comes from a male parent and the other from a female parent

Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction. The process results in two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. The process goes in the order of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephase. During interphase, the chromosomes are copied and chromatin are condensed to sister chromatids. During prophase,the nuclear envelope breaks down and sister chromatids join at the center. Metaphase, the chromatins line up in the cneter of the cell and start be pulled apart. Anaphase, the chromatids move to opposite ends of a sell. During telephase, two nuclei form and the cell membrane breaks down to create two new daughter cells. Meiosis goes though prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephase twice. Another difference between the two processes is that meiosis involves chromosomes from two parents and results in four genetically different daughter cells.
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzDMG7ke69g

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-ldPgEfAHI
Website:
https://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/vgec/highereducation/topics/cellcycle-mitosis-meiosis

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Double Helix-a twisted ladder, explains how DNA strands are held together
Phosphate- a salt or ester of a phosphoric acid
Nucleic Acid-macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Thymine-a nitrogen containing base that connects to Adenine
Adenine-a nitrogen-containing base that connects to Thymine
Guanine- a nitrogen-containing base that connects to Cytosine
Cytosine-a nitrogen containing base that connects to Guanine
Complementary Base-any nucleotide base linked by a hydrogen bond on opposite strands of DNA
Semi-conservative Model-one strand from each parent cell forms a strand of DNA
Replication- process of copying DNA prior to cell division

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is found in the nucleus carries genetic instructions. There are three parts to a nucleus structure: a phosphate, a base, and a deoxyribose-or sugar. There are four possible nitrogen bases: thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine. Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. The information flow of protein synthesis starts with a DNA molecule that is transcripted into Messenger RNA. RNA is a ribonucleic acid that is single stranded and had all of the same nitrogen bases except for thymine, which is replaced by a uracil. The messenger RNA is then translated into a protein or a gain of amino acids. Those amino acids then go into ative proteins and go to perform a function in the cell.
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8m6hHRlKwxY&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1HK8gH2XIafNgQJD1dMX2aW

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oefAI2x2CQM&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1HK8gH2XIafNgQJD1dMX2aW&index=4
Website:
https://www.atdbio.com/content/14/Transcription-Translation-and-Replication

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Dominant-an allele that the organism exhibits
Recessive- must be contributed by both parents in order to appear in offspring
Codominance- both alleles are exposed
Incomplete Dominance-one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele
Monohybrid- a hybrid that is heteroygous with respect to one specified gene
Dihybrid-a hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes
Polygenic- trait controlled by two or more genes
Transgenic- term used to refer too an organism that contains genes fro other organisms
Pedigree- chart that shows the presence of a trait according to the relationship within a family across several generations
Biotechnology- the use of living systems or organisms to develop or make oroducts
Genetic Engineering- the direct manipulation of an organisms' genes  using biotechnology

Genetics are the study of heredity. Heredity is the psssing on of characteristics from generation to generation.  The father of genetics, Gregor Mendel, studied pea plants because they had two alleles for each gene. The genotype, or the genes of the plant, had to have at least one dominant allele in order to show in the phenotype, or physical trait. Recessive alleles require both alleles to be present in order to be seen as a phenotype. Segregation is the spereation of alleles in the formation of gametes, or sex cells. A punnett square, seen in the picture below, segregates the alleles to show the probability that the offspring will have certain characteristics. Incomplete dominance produces a blended phenotype; neither of the alleles dominate over the other. Codominance produces a phenotype where both traits can be seen because they are not completely blended. Pedigrees are charts that show the traits that have been passed down through generations. If the trait is in every generation, it is dominant. If it appears to skip generations, it is recessive. Sex-linked disorders only appear in either malean or females, and autosomal diseases affect both genders equally.
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pv3Kj0UjiLE
Website:
https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/allele-48

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Evolution- change overtime; the process by which modern organisms gave descended from ancient organisms
Derived Trait- trait that appears in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members
Ancestral Trait- a feature of a lineage that is inherited from the common ancestor and has undergone little change
Homologous Structure- structures that are similar in different species of common ancestry
Analogous Structure- body parts that share a common function but not structure
Vestigial Structure- structure that is inherited from ancestors but doesn't have it's original function
Phylogeny- the evolutionary history of a lineage
Cladogram- a diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species
Binomial Nomenclature- classification system by which each species is assigned a two-part specific name
Taxonomy-the science of classifying organisms

Evolution is the process by which organisms change to adapt to their environment. Evolution is a theory because there is not concrete evidence that shows the relation between ancestors and recent species. Fossil dating and embryology are two forms of evidence used to prove evolution. Fossil dating is the comparison of the characteristic of fossils. Embryology i used to show the comparison between the characteristics of embryos of different species. Natural selection aids in evolution by allowing only individuals who are best fit to survive to survive. Any change in the genetics of a species is said to be evidence of evolution. Such as a species being introduced to a new environment and having to adapt, or get used to, the environment.
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1FuT0I6icE7octRIgJqMBhS
Website:
https://www.livescience.com/474-controversy-evolution-works.html

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Photosynthesis-the process of capturing light energy and use it to power chemical reactions carbon dioxide and water into carbs
Cellular Respiration-process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Xylem-vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
Vascular Tissue-specialized tissue in plants that carry water and nutrients
Dermal Tissue- surface tissue in the cutcle
Meristem- regions of unspecialized cells resposible for continuing growth throughout a plant's lifetime
Stamen- Male part of a flower; contains the anther and filament
Pistil- single carpel or several fused carpels; contains the ovary and ovules
Stomata- small openings in the epidermis at allow carbon dioxide, water and oxygen to diffuse in and out of the leaf
Transpiration-loss of water from a plant through it's leaves

A flower has both make and female reproductive system. In an angiosperm,the female parts of the flower are the ovary-which houses the ovules- and the ovules where the female gametophytes are produced.  They are close to the sepal, which enclose the buds before it opens. The pistol houses the style and the stigma. The stamen is composed of an anther and filament that produce and transport pollen. Both collect pollen and transport it to the flower. The petals are brightly colored to attract pollinators. In an angiosperm, there are cones used for reproduction. The stem transports water and nutrients through the plant as a whole. The leaves are where photosynthesis occurs and they also allow water to enter or leave the plant through transpiration.
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGpPHrLF-5M
Website:
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/plants_main.html

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Herbivore-organism that eats other animals
Herbivore- organism that only eats plats
Omiivore- organism that consumes both plants and animals
Detritivore-organism that consumes dead or dying oganisms
Biogeochemical cycle- process in which elements chemical compounds are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another
Trophic Level-each step in a food chain or food web
Predation-interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism
Habitat-an area where an organism lives and the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it
Niche- full range of physical and biological conditios in which organisms live and the way i hich organisms use those conditions
Biomass- the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level

Energy flow can be traced using a food chain, food web, or food pyramid. A food chain shows a step by step energy transfer from one trophics level to another. A food web is an interconnected web of food chains that shows multiple relationships between species. A food pyramid also shows the relationship between organisms in an hierarchical way. There are typically four levels to each of the chains: primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and third level consumers. Primary producers are also know as autotrophs. Primary consumers are typically herbivores meaning they only eat plants. Secondary and tertiary consumers are omnvivores or carnivores: they either eat meant and fruit or just meat. At each tropic level, 10% of the energy is transferred and that energy is typically measured in kilocalories.
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6ubvEJ3KGM
Website:
https://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/text.php?unit=4&secNum=3

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Carrying Capacity-largest number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support
Biodiversity- total of a variety of organisms in the biosphere;also called biological diversity
Density Dependent Factors- living factor that depends on population density
Density Independent factors-limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population density
Biological Magnification- increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or wen
Immigration- movement of individuals into an area, occupied by an existing population density
Emmigration- movement of individuals out of an area
Population Density-number of individuals per unit area
Habitat Fragmentation- splitting of ecosystems into pieces

Ecology is the study of an organism in its environment. Population ecology is the study of changes in population sizes. There are many factors that can affect population size, but the broad spectrum of factors can be split into two categories: density dependent and density independent factors. Density dependent factors are based on population size, such as diseases, food available, predation or if the carrying capacity-the number of a species that an environment can stably support-is exceeded. Density independent factors affect population size, regardless of population density. Natural disasters, immigration- moving in-, or emigration- moving out- are examples of density independent factors. A decrease in population size also leads to a decrease in biodiversity, which can be a negative impact on an environment.
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNjPI84sApQ
Website:
https://www.britannica.com/science/ecology

# data[].attributes.body
What is the first step in the scientific method?
A) make a hypothesis
B) make an observation
C) research the topic
D) take a nap and think about your life decisions

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What is the powerhouse of a cell?
A) nucleus
B) vacuole
C) mitochondria
D) cell membrane

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Which is a property of water?
A) cohesive
B) adhesive
C) polar
D) all of the above

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What is the correct order of the phases of Mitosis?
A) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
B) anaphase, telephase, metaphase, prophase
C) telephase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase
D) metaphase, prophase, telephase, anaphase

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Where is DNA found in a cell?
A) mitochondria
B) cytoplasm
C) phospholipid bilayer
D) nucleus

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Fill in the blanks:
______ are the specific genes necessary for a trait, ________ are the physical trait.
A) phenotype, genotype
B) Genotype, phenotype
C) genes, alleles
D) none of the above

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The appendix is an example of what structure?
A) Homologous
B) Analogous
C) Both A and B
D) Vestigial

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What process do plants use to make energy?
A) cellular respiration
B) photosynthesis
C) meiosis
D) mitosis

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What is another name for primary producers?
A) herbivore
B) autotroph
C) omnivore
D) vegetarian

# data[].attributes.body
What is carrying capacity?
A) the heaviest amount a person can carry
B) the amount of water available in an ecosystem
C) the largest number of individuals of a particular species that an environment can support
D) the largest number of environments that the earth can support

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Capillary-a small blood vessel that forms a network between arioles and venules
Veins-any of the tubes that are a part of the circulatory system tat carry oxygen depleted blood to the heart
Hemoglobin-a red protein that transports oxygen in blood
Hypertension- abnormally high blood pressure
Pathogen-any microorganism that can cause disease:virus, bacterium, fungi, etc.
Macrophage-a white blood cell that ingests foreign materials, especially found at the site of infection
Lymphocyte-a form of small white blood cells occurring in the lymphatic system
Antibody-a y-shaped blood protein that combines with foreign materials in the blood to fight them
Blastocyst-an embryo that has had a slight differentiation in cells
Atherosclerosis- a disease in the arteries due to the deposition of fatty material on the inner walls

The brain has four basic parts: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and the temporal lobe. The frontal is responsible for memory, parietal for sensory and vision, occipital visual processing, and the temporal lobe for auditory perception. In the heart, deoxified blood enters through the superior and inferior vena cava, then into the right atrium. From the atrium, it flows into the right ventricle, then outside of the heart through the left pulmonary vein. Once the oxygen is restored, the blood flows from the lungs to the left atrium. From the left atrium, the blood flows into the left ventricle, and into the rest of the body through arteries. Veins carry the blood throughout the rest of the body and, at certain points, the veins split into a small network of capillaries.The immune system has many different cells that respond to foreign materials or diseases by attacking and destroying the cell. Vaccines and antibiotics help strengthen the immune system by helping build an immunity to the disease or by stopping nutrients from reaching the foreign material. The female reproductive systems has the ability to make and fertilize eggs, and develop a baby while providing nutrients. The male reproductive system makes, maintains, and transports sperm.
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEUu-A2wfSE&t=1s
Website:
https://www.britannica.com/science/human-nervous-system/The-reproductive-system

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What is the germ theory of disease?
A) germs are bad for you
B) many diseases are caused by microorganisms
C) many microorganisms are caused by diseases
D) germs are the primary cause o diseas

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FxZh8pFL1NHvPWdaAi0cp9bAH39Zd1um6VxrVbc0yAc/edit?usp=sharing

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-n-YZZ-7mfLGDVtEFCmzE6SynGzCdueqjqVdRRKcWyM/edit?usp=sharing

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/16diKX_BNUU0jf-9wCMnbPn8ytfBWS5MS1YHQuWqK3A0/edit?usp=sharing