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The idea created by Aristotle that the Earth was the center of the universe. Ptolemy, a Greek astronomer, researched this theory and further developed on it. Earth was portrayed to be an extraordinary place where life took place.

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A different way of thinking on the world. This was mainly based on observations and questioning beliefs. The printing press had a colossal impact as it allowed people to gather knowledge from different pieces of writing.

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Copernicus created the idea that the sun is the center of the universe. This theory went against religious views. Knowing the risks of releasing his idea, he waited until the last year of his life, 1543, to make this theory go public. Johannes Kepler later proved mathematically that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical patterns.

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A famous scientist who studied astronomy. In 1609 he built his own telescope which helped him with his studies. He supported and built on the ideas of Copernicus. Galileo also wrote books, one of which being Starry Messenger. Because Galileo's discoveries went against the church's teachings and beliefs, he was sentenced to house arrest.

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A scientist who studied mathematics and physics. He later created the three theories of motion. He proved that all objects in space were attracted to each other by gravity.

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Uses logic to gather and test thoughts. Problems occur which lead to the scientist creating a hypothesis on the problem, then that hypothesis is tested. Finally, the scientist analyses his/her data.

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The astronomer who came up with the heliocentric theory. He studied the planetary movements to come to the conclusion that the planets and stars revolved around the sun.

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A Greek astronomer. He studied the geocentric theory and later on expanded off of it in the 2nd century A.D.

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A mathematician who expanded on the heliocentric theory. He discovered that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical patterns. He backed up Copernicus's idea and proved it true.

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This law states that every object in the universe attracts all of the other objects. The amount of attraction depends on the objects mass and distance between one another.

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An English political thinker. He helped to start the Enlightenment. He believed everyone was selfish and wicked. One of his most famous books is called Leviathan.

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Agreement where people created a government. People gave away there rights to a powerful ruler in exchange for law and order.

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A philosopher. He viewed humans in a more positive way. He thought people could improve with time and experiences. He was in agreement with self government. He thought everyone was born equal with life, property, and liberty. According to Locke, the governments job is to protect these rights.This led to modern democracy.

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A new movement heavily promoting reason, thought, and self reliance. This movement drastically changed Western civilization.

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A philosophes. His real name was Francois Marie Arouet but his pen name was Voltaire. He published a vast amount of writings. He fought for freedom. He created many enemies one of which being the French court where he was sent to prison twice.

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A French writer. He studied politics. He believed that the separation of powers prevented one group/person gaining complete control. He also created the idea of checks and balances.

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A philosophe who believed in individual freedom. Did not believe that reason, science, and art would improve a person's life. He believed that all people were equal.

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Social critics in France. They discussed politics and ideas. They believed heavily in reason. There five concepts are reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty.

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A woman writer. She strove for woman's rights, especially involving education. She believed there education is just as important as it is for the men.