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Entradas enciclopédicas

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Manuales escolares

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Un paper de lingüística, con estructura IMRD

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El Cap. V es lo principal para nosotros

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Ver Cap V - Sonia Oliver del Olmo-Tesis doctoral sobre atenuacion retorica.pdf

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Marinkovich, Juana. (2005). Las estrategias de reformulación: el paso desde un texto-fuente a un texto de divulgación didáctica.
https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-58112005000100011

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Las estrategias de reformulación: el paso desde un texto-fuente a un texto de divulgación didáctica

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It's a new brand world.

Nobody understands branding better than professional services firms. Look at McKinsey or Arthur Andersen for a model of the new rules of branding at the company and personal level. Almost every professional services firm works with the same business model. They have almost no hard assets - my guess is that most probably go so far as to rent or lease every tangible item they possibly can to keep from having to own anything. They have lots of soft assets - more conventionally known as people, preferably smart, motivated, talented people. And they have huge revenues - and astounding profits.

They also have a very clear culture of work and life. You're hired, you report to work, you join a team - and you immediately start figuring out how to deliver value to the customer. Along the way, you learn stuff, develop your skills, hone your abilities, move from project to project. And if you're really smart, you figure out how to distinguish yourself from all the other very smart people walking around with $1,500 suits, high-powered laptops, and well-polished resumes. Along the way, if you're really smart, you figure out what it takes to create a distinctive role for yourself - you create a message and a strategy to promote the brand called You.

What makes You different?

Start right now: as of this moment you're going to think of yourself differently! You're not an "employee" of General Motors, you're not a "staffer" at General Mills, you're not a "worker" at General Electric or a "human resource" at General Dynamics (ooops, it's gone!). Forget the Generals! You don't "belong to" any company for life, and your chief affiliation isn't to any particular "function." You're not defined by your job title and you're not confined by your job description.

Starting today you are a brand.

You're every bit as much a brand as Nike, Coke, Pepsi, or the Body Shop. To start thinking like your own favorite brand manager, ask yourself the same question the brand managers at Nike, Coke, Pepsi, or the Body Shop ask themselves: What is it that my product or service does that makes it different? Give yourself the traditional 15-words-or-less contest challenge. Take the time to write down your answer. And then take the time to read it. Several times.

If your answer wouldn't light up the eyes of a prospective client or command a vote of confidence from a satisfied past client, or - worst of all - if it doesn't grab you, then you've got a big problem. It's time to give some serious thought and even more serious effort to imagining and developing yourself as a brand.

Start by identifying the qualities or characteristics that make you distinctive from your competitors - or your colleagues. What have you done lately - this week - to make yourself stand out? What would your colleagues or your customers say is your greatest and clearest strength? Your most noteworthy (as in, worthy of note) personal trait?

Go back to the comparison between brand You and brand X - the approach the corporate biggies take to creating a brand. The standard model they use is feature-benefit: every feature they offer in their product or service yields an identifiable and distinguishable benefit for their customer or client. A dominant feature of Nordstrom department stores is the personalized service it lavishes on each and every customer. The customer benefit: a feeling of being accorded individualized attention - along with all of the choice of a large department store.

So what is the "feature-benefit model" that the brand called You offers? Do you deliver your work on time, every time? Your internal or external customer gets dependable, reliable service that meets its strategic needs. Do you anticipate and solve problems before they become crises? Your client saves money and headaches just by having you on the team. Do you always complete your projects within the allotted budget? I can't name a single client of a professional services firm who doesn't go ballistic at cost overruns.

Your next step is to cast aside all the usual descriptors that employees and workers depend on to locate themselves in the company structure. Forget your job title. Ask yourself: What do I do that adds remarkable, measurable, distinguished, distinctive value? Forget your job description. Ask yourself: What do I do that I am most proud of? Most of all, forget about the standard rungs of progression you've climbed in your career up to now. Burn that damnable "ladder" and ask yourself: What have I accomplished that I can unabashedly brag about? If you're going to be a brand, you've got to become relentlessly focused on what you do that adds value, that you're proud of, and most important, that you can shamelessly take credit for.

When you've done that, sit down and ask yourself one more question to define your brand: What do I want to be famous for? That's right - famous for!

What's the pitch for You?

So it's a cliché: don't sell the steak, sell the sizzle. it's also a principle that every corporate brand understands implicitly, from Omaha Steaks's through-the-mail sales program to Wendy's "we're just regular folks" ad campaign. No matter how beefy your set of skills, no matter how tasty you've made that feature-benefit proposition, you still have to market the bejesus out of your brand - to customers, colleagues, and your virtual network of associates.

The second important thing to remember about your personal visibility campaign is: it all matters. When you're promoting brand You, everything you do - and everything you choose not to do - communicates the value and character of the brand. Everything from the way you handle phone conversations to the email messages you send to the way you conduct business in a meeting is part of the larger message you're sending about your brand.

Partly it's a matter of substance: what you have to say and how well you get it said. But it's also a matter of style. On the Net, do your communications demonstrate a command of the technology? In meetings, do you keep your contributions short and to the point? It even gets down to the level of your brand You business card: Have you designed a cool-looking logo for your own card? Are you demonstrating an appreciation for design that shows you understand that packaging counts - a lot - in a crowded world?

The key to any personal branding campaign is "word-of-mouth marketing." Your network of friends, colleagues, clients, and customers is the most important marketing vehicle you've got; what they say about you and your contributions is what the market will ultimately gauge as the value of your brand. So the big trick to building your brand is to find ways to nurture your network of colleagues - consciously.

What's the real power of You?

If you want to grow your brand, you've got to come to terms with power - your own. The key lesson: power is not a dirty word!

In fact, power for the most part is a badly misunderstood term and a badly misused capability. I'm talking about a different kind of power than we usually refer to. It's not ladder power, as in who's best at climbing over the adjacent bods. It's not who's-got-the-biggest-office-by-six-square-inches power or who's-got-the-fanciest-title power.

It's influence power.

Whatever you decide, you should look at your brand's power as an exercise in new-look résumé; management - an exercise that you start by doing away once and for all with the word "résumé." You don't have an old-fashioned résumé anymore! You've got a marketing brochure for brand You. Instead of a static list of titles held and positions occupied, your marketing brochure brings to life the skills you've mastered, the projects you've delivered, the braggables you can take credit for. And like any good marketing brochure, yours needs constant updating to reflect the growth - breadth and depth - of brand You.

What's loyalty to You?

Everyone is saying that loyalty is gone; loyalty is dead; loyalty is over. I think that's a bunch of crap.

I think loyalty is much more important than it ever was in the past. A 40-year career with the same company once may have been called loyalty; from here it looks a lot like a work life with very few options, very few opportunities, and very little individual power. That's what we used to call indentured servitude.

Today loyalty is the only thing that matters. But it isn't blind loyalty to the company. It's loyalty to your colleagues, loyalty to your team, loyalty to your project, loyalty to your customers, and loyalty to yourself. I see it as a much deeper sense of loyalty than mindless loyalty to the Company Z logo.

I know this may sound like selfishness. But being CEO of Me Inc. requires you to act selfishly - to grow yourself, to promote yourself, to get the market to reward yourself. Of course, the other side of the selfish coin is that any company you work for ought to applaud every single one of the efforts you make to develop yourself. After all, everything you do to grow Me Inc. is gravy for them: the projects you lead, the networks you develop, the customers you delight, the braggables you create generate credit for the firm. As long as you're learning, growing, building relationships, and delivering great results, it's good for you and it's great for the company.

That win-win logic holds for as long as you happen to be at that particular company. Which is precisely where the age of free agency comes into play. If you're treating your résumé as if it's a marketing brochure, you've learned the first lesson of free agency. The second lesson is one that today's professional athletes have all learned: you've got to check with the market on a regular basis to have a reliable read on your brand's value. You don't have to be looking for a job to go on a job interview. For that matter, you don't even have to go on an actual job interview to get useful, important feedback.

The real question is: How is brand You doing? Put together your own "user's group" - the personal brand You equivalent of a software review group. Ask for - insist on - honest, helpful feedback on your performance, your growth, your value. It's the only way to know what you would be worth on the open market. It's the only way to make sure that, when you declare your free agency, you'll be in a strong bargaining position. It's not disloyalty to "them"; it's responsible brand management for brand You - which also generates credit for them.

What's the future of You?

It's over. No more vertical. No more ladder. That's not the way careers work anymore. Linearity is out. A career is now a checkerboard. Or even a maze. It's full of moves that go sideways, forward, slide on the diagonal, even go backward when that makes sense. (It often does.) A career is a portfolio of projects that teach you new skills, gain you new expertise, develop new capabilities, grow your colleague set, and constantly reinvent you as a brand.

As you scope out the path your "career" will take, remember: the last thing you want to do is become a manager. Like "résumé," "manager" is an obsolete term. It's practically synonymous with "dead end job." What you want is a steady diet of more interesting, more challenging, more provocative projects. When you look at the progression of a career constructed out of projects, directionality is not only hard to track - Which way is up? - but it's also totally irrelevant.

Instead of making yourself a slave to the concept of a career ladder, reinvent yourself on a semiregular basis. Start by writing your own mission statement, to guide you as CEO of Me Inc. What turns you on? Learning something new? Gaining recognition for your skills as a technical wizard? Shepherding new ideas from concept to market? What's your personal definition of success? Money? Power? Fame? Or doing what you love? However you answer these questions, search relentlessly for job or project opportunities that fit your mission statement. And review that mission statement every six months to make sure you still believe what you wrote.

No matter what you're doing today, there are four things you've got to measure yourself against. First, you've got to be a great teammate and a supportive colleague. Second, you've got to be an exceptional expert at something that has real value. Third, you've got to be a broad-gauged visionary - a leader, a teacher, a farsighted "imagineer." Fourth, you've got to be a businessperson - you've got to be obsessed with pragmatic outcomes.

It's this simple: You are a brand. You are in charge of your brand. There is no single path to success. And there is no one right way to create the brand called You. Except this: Start today. Or else.
Tom Peters (TJPET@aol.com) is the world's leading brand when it comes to writing, speaking, or thinking about the new economy. He has just released a CD-ROM, "Tom Peters' Career Survival Guide" (Houghton Mifflin interactive). Rob Walker contributed the brand profile sidebars.
Related: Me Inc.: The Rethink

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It's a new brand world. Nobody understands branding better than professional services firms. Look at McKinsey or Arthur Andersen for a model of the new rules of branding at the company and personal level. Almost every professional services firm works with the same business model.

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Store photos and docs online. Access them from any PC, Mac or phone. Create and work together on Word, Excel or PowerPoint documents.

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Musician and researcher Charles Limb wondered how the brain works during musical improvisation -- so he put jazz musicians and rappers in an fMRI to find out. What he and his team found has deep implications for our understanding of creativity of all kinds.

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Musical Creativity and the Brain Slides.pptx

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The beauty of using caffeine to suppress your appetite is that you can eat less and still feel that you enjoyed a complete meal. 

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The beauty of using caffeine to suppress your appetite is that you can eat less and still feel that you enjoyed a complete meal. 

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Este libro desmenuza los modals a través de ejemplos tomados de diversos contextos. Es muy útil a la hora de discernir qué sentido tiene el modal que tenemos que traducir. En el TF, cuando les aparezca algún modal, úsenlo de consulta. Si les da el tiempo, agreguen una diapo con la explicación del significado del modal tomada de este libro.

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A throat culture is a lab test your doctor uses to find and identify germs in the back of your mouth that are making you sick.

Why It's Done

Your doctor will probably order this test if you or your child complain of a sore throat and he thinks something other than a virus is to blame.

Some of the infections that can be identified on a throat culture are:

How It's Done

You'll be asked to tilt your head back slightly, open your mouth, and say "Ahhhh." Your doctor will quickly and gently move a cotton swab around the tonsil area in the back of your mouth. He'll place it in a germ-free container and send it to a lab for testing.

There, doctors place the sample in a special container with other chemicals to make bacteria and fungi grow. The type of germs that grow, if any, shows your doctor what kind of infection you have. Then he'll decide what medicine will work best for you.

How It Feels

The test can be a little uncomfortable but only lasts a few seconds. You might feel like you have to gag when the doctor swabs your throat -- that's normal. But you'll have to stay still and keep your mouth open so he can get a good sample. If not, he might miss some germs, and you might not get the right medicine.

How Soon Will I Get Results?

Results take about 2 to 5 days, because it takes a while for germs to grow in a lab.

But if your doctor thinks you might have strep, he'll do a quick strep test during your visit. It will show results right away. If it shows you have strep, he'll give you an antibiotic that fights a wide range of germs.

If the strep test is negative but your throat culture comes back positive for strep or another infection, your doctor's office will contact you and change your medication if they need to.

What Else Should I Know?

If you or your child has a sore throat and needs to go to the doctor, skip the mouthwash before your visit. It could affect the results of your throat culture.

Sources

SOURCES:

Brookside Press. Nursing Fundamentals, 2007.

KidsHealth: "Strep Test: Throat Culture."

Children's Hospitals & Clinics of Minnesota: "Throat Culture."

Golisano Children's Hospital: "Throat Culture."

Fischbach F. Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.

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What Is a Throat Culture? When Do I Need One?

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A throat culture is a lab test your doctor uses to find and identify germs in the back of your mouth that are making you sick. Your doctor will probably order this test if you or your child complain of a sore throat and he thinks something other than a virus is to blame.

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Hisopado de fauces / Throat swab cultures

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Hisopado de fauces / Throat swab cultures

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Faringitis estreptocócica: aumentan los casos en primavera - DocSalud.com

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Son las infecciones causadas por el estreptococo pyogenes o betahemolítico del grupo A. Es importante la muestra de exudado de fauces para detectarlo. El tratamiento es antibiótico.

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Hisopado de fauces / Throat swab culture

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Hisopado de fauces / Throat swab culture

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You will be asked to tilt your head back and open your mouth wide. Your health care provider will rub a sterile cotton swab along the back of your throat near your tonsils. You will need to resist gagging and closing your mouth while the swab touches this area.

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Angina, faringitis y laringitis: ¿son la misma cosa?

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¿Qué es el hisopado de fauces? ¿Y el cultivo? ¿En la escarlatina también hay que hacer hisopado? ¿Cómo que tiene escarlatina? ¡Si ya tuvo! La respuesta a todas estas preguntas y a muchas más (ah, no...sólo a estas), léalas aquí: -Angina y faringitis: Son lo mismo.

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Les subo este resumen para que usen al traducir el "you" genérico o impersonal. Envíenme mail si tienen dudas.

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Rapid Test Versus Throat Culture for Strep Throat | Michigan Medicine

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Rapid Test Versus Throat Culture for Strep Throat

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Discusses test used to find cause of a sore throat. Covers conditions caused by fungal or bacterial infection. Covers how test is done. Looks at what results might mean. Links to info on rapid strep test, throat culture, and sensitivity testing.

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A throat swab culture, or throat culture, is a test commonly used to diagnose bacterial infections in the throat. These infections can include strep throat, pneumonia, tonsillitis, whooping cough, and meningitis.

The purpose of a throat swab culture is to detect the presence of organisms in the throat that could cause infection. For example, the presence of group A streptococcus bacteria ( Streptococcus pyogenes) in your throat is a key sign that you may have strep throat.

Streptococcal bacteria are very contagious. They can be spread through airborne droplets. An infected person can easily pass the bacteria on if they cough, sneeze, or share food or drinks. The bacteria can also be picked up from doorknobs or other surfaces and transferred to your nose, mouth, or eyes.

If you have a sore throat and your doctor suspects that you may have strep throat or another bacterial infection, they may order a throat swab culture. The results of the test will help you and your doctor form a diagnosis and a treatment plan.

Most sore throats are caused by a virus. Many sore throats go away within a few days without any treatment, except for possibly cough drops or a few over-the-counter drugs to help relieve any pain or discomfort.

Your doctor will generally order a throat culture test if you have symptoms that suggest strep throat or another infection. Redness, swelling, and white streaks or pus on the tonsils as well as red spots in the roof of the mouth are signs of infections. These signs don't indicate whether the infection is viral or bacterial, so a throat swab is necessary. Strep throat is very contagious, so it's important that it is caught early.

Antiseptic mouthwash should be avoided before this test. You should also tell your doctor if you have been taking any antibiotics because this could affect the test results.

If your child is undergoing the examination, you should ask them to remain still. You may need to help gently restrain them.

Your doctor will ask you to open your mouth and tilt your head back. If necessary, your doctor may use a tongue depressor. This can help your doctor have a better view of the back of your throat. They will then rub a sterile cotton swab across the back of your throat, your tonsils, and any other sore areas for a few seconds. The swab will collect a sample of the secretions being produced in the back of your throat.

The sample your doctor collects is taken to a laboratory. It will be put on a plate that allows any bacteria on it to grow. The process of growing the bacteria in the sample is called a culture. Chemical tests are conducted on the cultured sample in order to determine if there are any harmful bacteria, and what type of bacteria are present. It usually takes a couple of days to culture the bacteria so you may have to wait some time to receive your test results.

There are no risks or complications associated with a throat swab culture. The test may cause momentary gagging because the back of the throat is a sensitive area, but it shouldn't be painful.

It can take several days for the results of a throat culture to be ready. Once the sample has been cultured and the bacteria has been analyzed, your doctor will be in touch to talk about your results.

A negative throat swab culture means that no infectious bacteria are present in your throat. A positive test indicates the presence of streptococci (the bacteria that causes strep throat) or other bacteria. If the test result is positive, the results can be used to determine which bacteria are causing the infection. Once your doctor knows what is causing the infection, you can figure out a treatment plan.

In order to address a bacterial infection, your doctor will most likely prescribe an antibiotic. Penicillin and amoxicillin are two commonly prescribed drugs. Some younger children may have a hard time swallowing a pill, or may be experiencing vomiting, so penicillin can be injected if necessary.

Your doctor may suggest over-the-counter drugs, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, to help relive throat pain or reduce fever. Most people start to feel better after a day or two, but if symptoms continue to persist after 48 hours you may need to contact your doctor again.

Throat swab cultures are very effective tools for identifying infections that affect the throat. A throat culture will determine if there is a bacterial infection, and if so, what's causing it. Once you know what's causing your sore throat, you and your doctor can decide on the best treatment options for you.

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Throat Swab Culture: What You Need to Know

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A throat swab culture, or throat culture, is a test commonly used to diagnose bacterial infections in the throat. These infections can include strep throat, pneumonia, tonsillitis, whooping cough, and meningitis. The purpose of a throat swab culture is to detect the presence of organisms in the throat that could cause infection.

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What It Is

A throat culture or strep test is performed by using a throat swab to detect the presence of group A streptococcus bacteria, the most common cause of strep throat. These bacteria also can cause other infections, including scarlet fever, abscesses, and pneumonia.

A sample swabbed from the back of the throat is put on a special plate (culture) that enables bacteria to grow in the lab. The specific type of infection is determined using chemical tests. If bacteria don't grow, the culture is negative and the person doesn't have a strep throat infection.

Strep throat is a bacterial infection that affects the back of the throat and the tonsils, which become irritated and swell, causing a sore throat that's especially painful when swallowing. White or yellow spots or a coating on the throat and tonsils also might be present, and the lymph nodes along the sides of the neck may swell.

Strep throat is most common among school-age children. The infection may cause headaches, stomachaches, nausea, vomiting, and listlessness. Strep throat infections don't usually include cold symptoms (such as sneezing, coughing, or a runny or stuffy nose).

While symptoms of strep throat can go away within a few days without direct treatment, doctors will prescribe antibiotics to help prevent related complications that can be serious, such as rheumatic fever. Taking antibiotics reduces the length of time a person is contagious.

Why It's Done

The throat culture test can help find the cause of a sore throat. Often, a sore throat is caused by a virus, but a throat culture will see if it's definitely caused by strep bacteria, helping doctors decide on the proper treatment.

Preparation

Encourage your child to stay still during the procedure. Be sure to tell the doctor if your child has taken any antibiotics recently, and try to have your child avoid antiseptic mouthwash before the test as this could affect test results.

The Procedure

A health professional will ask your child to tilt his or her head back and open his or her mouth as wide as possible. If the back of the throat cannot be seen clearly, the tongue will be pressed down with a flat stick (tongue depressor) to provide a better view. A clean, soft cotton swab will be lightly brushed over the back of the throat, over the tonsils, and over any red or sore areas to collect a sample.

You may wish to hold your child on your lap during the procedure to prevent movement that could make it difficult for the health professional to obtain an adequate sample.

What to Expect

Your child may have some gagging when the swab touches the back of the throat. If your child's throat is sore, the swabbing may cause brief discomfort.

Getting the Results

Throat culture test results are generally ready in 2 days.

Risks

Throat swabbing can be uncomfortable, but no risks are associated with a throat culture test.

Helping Your Child

Explaining the test in terms your child can understand might help ease any fear. During the test, encourage your child to relax and stay still so the health professional can adequately swab the throat and tonsils.

If You Have Questions

If you have questions about the throat culture strep test, speak with your doctor.

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A throat culture or strep test is performed by using a throat swab to detect the presence of group A streptococcus bacteria, the most common cause of strep throat. These bacteria also can cause other infections, including scarlet fever, abscesses, and pneumonia.

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Como traducir y redactar textos cient en esp.pdf

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Diccionario combinatorio práctico del español contemporáneo (Bosque).pdf

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Diccionario de dudas y dificultades de la lengua española (Seco).pdf

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García Negroni, Pérgola, Stern - El arte de escribir bien en espanol.pdf

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Real Academia de la Lengua Española - Nueva gramática de la Lengua Española. Manual.pdf

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Más de la diferencia entre trastorno y enfermedad mental

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Más de la diferencia entre trastorno y enfermedad mental

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conceptos de enfermedad y trastorno mental. clasificación. trastornos clínicos y de la personalidad. problemas psicosociales. bases etiopatogénicas de los trastornos mentales.

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Conceptos de enfermedad y trastorno mental. Clasificación. Trastornos clínicos y de la personalidad. Problemas psicosociales. Bases etiopatogénicas de los trastornos mentales.

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Información del artículo Conceptos de enfermedad y trastorno mental. Clasificación. Trastornos clínicos y de la personalidad. Problemas psicosociales. Bases etiopatogénicas de los trastornos mentales.

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Soy Arturo Stojanoff

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Hay una gran variedad de trastornos mentales, cada uno de ellos con manifestaciones distintas. En general, se caracterizan por una combinación de alteraciones del pensamiento, la percepción, las emociones, la conducta y las relaciones con los demás.

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conceptos de enfermedad y trastorno mental. clasificación. trastornos clínicos y de la personalidad. problemas psicosociales. bases etiopatogénicas de los trastornos mentales.

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Conceptos de enfermedad y trastorno mental. Clasificación. Trastornos clínicos y de la personalidad. Problemas psicosociales. Bases etiopatogénicas de los trastornos mentales.

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Información del artículo Conceptos de enfermedad y trastorno mental. Clasificación. Trastornos clínicos y de la personalidad. Problemas psicosociales. Bases etiopatogénicas de los trastornos mentales.

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Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) la Salud es "un estado de completo bienestar físico, mental y social, y no solamente la ausencia de afecciones o enfermedades."

¿Qué son las enfermedades mentales? La Enfermedad Mental o el Trastorno Mental es una alteración de tipo emocional, cognitivo y/o comportamiento, en que quedan afectados procesos psicológicos básicos como son la emoción, la motivación, la cognición, la conciencia, la conducta, la percepción, la sensación, el aprendizaje, el lenguaje, etc. Lo que dificulta a la persona su adaptación al entorno cultural y social en que vive y crea alguna forma de malestar subjetivo.
(Ref. La "Guía de estilo" de la Confederación Salud Mental España).
¿Verdadero o Falso? Desvela falsos mitos con las siguientes preguntas.

¿Tienes dudas o necesitas ayuda?

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Enfermedad Mental | AVIFES | Asociación Vizcaína de Salud Mental

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Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) la Salud es "un estado de completo bienestar físico, mental y social, y no solamente la ausencia de afecciones o enfermedades." ¿Qué son las enfermedades mentales?

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A wide range of mental health conditions affect mood, thinking and behavior and can make you miserable and cause problems in daily life.

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Tiempo estimado de lectura: 2 minutos.

La humanidad ha vivido a lo largo de su historia numerosas enfermedades que han terminado con la vida de miles de personas. Seguramente has escuchado hablar en la televisión del cólera o del ébola y quieres conocer la diferencia entre pandemia y epidemia.

La propagación de enfermedades infecciosas se ha debido a la aparición de factores de riesgo como la pobreza o la falta de higiene causadas por desastres naturales o por conflictos armados. En estas situaciones se propagan rápidamente enfermedades que suponen un peligro para la salud.

¿Qué es una pandemia?

Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), se llama pandemia a la propagación mundial de una nueva enfermedad. Por ejemplo, se produce una pandemia en el momento en que aparece un nuevo virus de la gripe y se extiende por el mundo porque casi nadie tiene defensas frente a él.

La mayor parte de las pandemias han sido causadas por virus gripales que afectan a los animales. Seguro que recuerdas la famosa gripe aviar.

¿Qué es una epidemia?

Según la RAE, una epidemia es una enfermedad que se propaga durante algún tiempo por un país, afectando simultáneamente a un gran número de personas.

Diferencia entre pandemia y epidemia

Sin embargo, la diferencia entre pandemia y epidemia radica en dos aspectos:

La expansión desde el punto de vista geográfico de la enfermedad.

El rápido aumento de los casos de personas afectadas por la enfermedad.

En una pandemia ambos aspectos tienen mayores proporciones que en una epidemia. El nivel de emergencia sanitaria que producen una epidemia y una pandemia depende de:

El modo en que se propaga la enfermedad.

La facilidad de la propagación.

La posibilidad de contagio de las personas afectadas a las sanas.

La relación entre las personas que están en peligro de contagio y las personas inmunes (por haber sido vacunadas, por ejemplo).

Otro término que debes conocer: endemia

Además de las pandemias y de las epidemias, podemos hablar también de endemias. Según la definición de la RAE, una endemia es una enfermedad que reina habitualmente en épocas fijas en un país o comarca.

Por lo tanto, se trata de casos de enfermedades normales que afectan con frecuencia a un país o zona según la estación del año. Aunque la enfermedad afecta a muchas personas, en general no se trata de casos graves.

Cómo se detectan una epidemia o una pandemia

Actualmente la existencia de las epidemias o de las pandemias se puede detectar analizando las incidencias en una determinada zona durante un plazo de tiempo. Lo aconsejable es valorar los datos semanalmente o incluso diariamente en los casos de una rápida propagación y, sobre todo, trabajar en la prevención.

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¿Cuál es la diferencia entre pandemia y epidemia? - ACNUR

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Tiempo estimado de lectura: 2 minutos. La humanidad ha vivido a lo largo de su historia numerosas enfermedades que han terminado con la vida de miles de personas. Seguramente has escuchado hablar en la televisión del cólera o del ébola...

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La epidemia se da cuando la enfermedad ataca a numerosas personas o a un gran número de animales de un mismo lugar, durante un mismo periodo de tiempo. Puede causar daños a una gran parte de la población, provocando un perjuicio importante en la comunidad, o el lugar donde se haya dado. Una infección se vuelve epidémica cuando supera una cantidad estimada de casos afectados en un período de tiempo determinado.

Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la pandemia es la propagación de una enfermedad en forma mundial. También puede ser considerada como un ataque a todos los pobladores de una localidad o región determinada, mayormente se da a través de enfermedades virales como la gripe. Las pandemias pueden tener características epidemiológicas diferentes y grandes brotes en los meses de verano.

La endemia es una enfermedad que afecta a un país o a una región determinada de forma habitual o en una fecha habitual. La endemia no siempre se da en enfermedades de mucha gravedad, ya que se puede volver "un factor común de esa población por los elementos genéticos o culturales que la componen", señala un informe de la OMS.

La endemia también se puede seguir manteniendo en la población, comunidad o región, mediante otros factores que pueden contribuir para que ocurra tal hecho. El número de personas afectadas es elevado pero no varía de forma dramática.

La gravedad o nivel de emergencia sanitaria de una pandemia o de una epidemia depende fundamentalmente de la facilidad de la transmisión de la enfermedad, la relación entre las personas en peligro potencial y las que pueden ser consideradas inmunes.

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Conozca la diferencia entre epidemia, pandemia y endemia

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La epidemia se da cuando la enfermedad ataca a numerosas personas o a un gran número de animales de un mismo lugar, durante un mismo periodo de tiempo. Puede causar daños a una gran parte de la población, provocando un perjuicio importante en la comunidad, o el lugar donde se haya dado.

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Epidemia y pandemia: definición y ejemplos | VIU

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El virus causante de la epidemia del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave que en 2003 afectó a más de 8000 personas en Asia es el SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). El primer caso se detectó en 2002 en China, pero ya al año siguiente había alcanzado la categoría de epidemia en el sudeste asiático.

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Explicación de trastorno mental y diferencias entre síndrome, trastorno y enfermedad

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Explicación de trastorno mental y diferencias entre síndrome, trastorno y enfermedad

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En el ámbito de la salud y de la psicología, es muy frecuente el uso de tres conceptos clave: el síndrome, el trastorno y la enfermedad.

Se trata de palabras con mucha fuerza, porque a nivel popular acostumbran a asociarse a la falta de salud y los problemas en el organismo, algunos de los cuales podrían ser crónicos y por lo tanto no tener cura. Sin embargo, eso no significa que en los entornos científicos, académicos y de la salud se utilicen como sinónimos. De hecho, no lo son.

A continuación examinaremos las diferencias entre la enfermedad, el síndrome y el trastorno, pero antes debemos aclarar el significado de la palabra "síntoma" para poder entender todo el resto.

¿Qué es un síntoma?

En el ámbito de la salud, un síntoma es la expresión de un estado anómalo, es decir, la consecuencia de un fenómeno que se está manifestando en un cuerpo. De este modo, un síntoma podría ser una señal de alerta de que un paciente puede tener su salud comprometida de algún modo, o podría ser una "falsa alarma".

Es decir, un síntoma puede ser muchísimas cosas, y el hecho de que estén presentes no sirve como confirmación definitiva de que la salud de alguien se vea comprometida: por ejemplo, un paciente puede decir que le duele la cabeza (síntoma) sin que esto sea señal de que se tiene una enfermedad.

El síndrome

Un síndrome es un conjunto de síntomas que se dan juntos y que ya ha sido estudiado previamente y que, por tanto, ha sido identificado como un cuadro clínico vinculado con uno o varios problemas de salud. Así pues, en un síndrome hay una serie de síntomas que se dan juntos con mucha frecuencia. Sin embargo, los síntomas que componen un síndrome pueden variar con el tiempo y por lo tanto este puede llegar a desaparecer.

¿Cuál es la diferencia entre un síndrome y una enfermedad? Ahora lo veremos.

La enfermedad

El concepto de enfermedad, como el de síndrome, es una entidad clínica, y por tanto tiene que ver con los problemas de salud. Sin embargo, si un síndrome no es más que un conjunto de síntomas ya estudiados e identificados como algo que tiene una entidad propia al tener una forma típica de manifestarse, una enfermedad debe presentar, además de uno o más síntomas, o cambios reconocibles en el cuerpo o bien una causa biológica conocida (o ambos elementos).

Es decir, que un síndrome, al ser esencialmente un conjunto de síntomas, no tiene por qué tener una causa conocida ni desarrollarse a la vez que alteraciones anatómicas.

Así pues, algunos síndromes pueden ser la manifestación de una enfermedad, pero otros no, ya que sus causas pueden ser tan biológicas como, por ejemplo, sociales.

¿Qué es un trastorno?

En términos genéricos, por trastorno puede entenderse simplemente una alteración del estado de salud normal debido o no a una enfermedad. El ámbito en el que es más frecuente hablar de trastornos es del de la salud mental. Un trastorno mental suele ser entendido como un cambio desadaptativo (y, por tanto, problemático) que afecta a los procesos mentales.

Muchas veces el término trastorno se utiliza como un modo más laxo de referirse a la enfermedad en aquellos casos en los que las causas no están muy claras y las posibles alteraciones anatómicas con las que está asociado pueden ser a la vez causa o consecuencia suya. En el caso de los trastornos mentales esto se hace mucho, ya que muchas veces no queda muy claro si los desequilibrios bioquímicos asociados a algunos trastornos son lo que produce los síntomas o son un producto de una dinámica de interacción entre la persona y su entorno.

De este modo, el concepto de trastorno sirve simplemente para describir las señales del estado de anormalidad y de alteración de la salud en el que se encuentra una persona, mientras que el de enfermedad señala una relación de causalidad, porque incluye las causas concretas (etiología) de la falta de salud.

Artículo relacionado: "Los 16 trastornos mentales más comunes"

El trastorno como fruto de una dinámica de interacción

¿Y cuál es la otra forma de entender el significado del término trastorno cuando se habla de trastornos mentales? Pues, justamente, es la que tiene que ver con enfatizar la manera en la que el individuo se ha relacionado y sigue relacionándose con el entorno, en vez de entender por trastorno algo estático, relacionado con la genética, la enfermedad y las lesiones. Un trastorno puede ser en realidad la consecuencia del hecho de habernos visto involucrados en un conjunto de situaciones ligadas al contexto en el que vivimos y que hacen que hayamos entrado en una dinámica de comportamientos que perjudican nuestra salud.

La causa del trastorno, por tanto, no tiene por qué poder ser reducida a una parte muy concreta del cerebro que funciona de manera anormal, sino que podría estar repartida en todas aquellas acciones que componen un ciclo: actuamos de un modo porque percibimos las cosas de un modo porque actuamos de un modo, etc.

Así pues, el marco de referencia que nos sirve para saber a lo que nos referimos cuando hablamos sobre lo que es un trastorno es el siguiente: ¿los trastornos son descubiertos por el ser humano, o son construidos por este? Responder a esta pregunta no es sencillo, y la naturaleza de este debate tiene que ver tanto con la ciencia como con la filosofía.

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​Las diferencias entre síndrome, trastorno y enfermedad

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En el ámbito de la salud y de la psicología, es muy frecuente el uso de tres conceptos clave: el síndrome, el trastorno y la enfermedad. Se trata de palabras con mucha fuerza, porque a nivel popular acostumbran a asociarse a la falta de salud y los problemas en el organismo, algunos de los cuales podrían ser crónicos y por lo tanto no tener cura.