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Case that dealt with with freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.

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A claim must be false and have been made to someone other than the person defamed.

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Under common law, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other media such as printed words or images, called libel.

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Addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws.

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"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."

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"In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law."

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Speech directed at the overthrow of government. Speech attacking institutions of government, including particular governmental leaders.

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"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence."

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Court case in 1944 that ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during WWII regardless of citizenship.

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"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation."

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Racial segregation that happens "by fact" rather than by law.

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"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."

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"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."

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"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."

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Court case ruled that a state must pass a three-part test in order to avoid violating the Establishment clause.

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Government action that prohibits speech or other expression before it can take place.

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First section of the 1st amendment.

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A test courts may use to determine the constitutionality of a state or ordinance.

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Supreme Court case in 1963, ruled that states are required to provide legal counsel to indigent defendants charged with a felony.

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Supreme Court case in 1896 that upheld the racial segregation laws for public facilities, as long as they were equal. Came up with the "separate but equal" clause.

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He attempted to sue for freedom. Dred Scott v. Sandford stated that enslaved or free, blacks could not be an American citizen and had no standing to sue in federal court.

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In 1973, a decision by the Supreme Court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that restricted access to abortion.

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This ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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Series of anti-black laws that enforced racial segregation in the South. (From 1874-1975)

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An active effort to improve employment or educational opportunities for members of minority groups and women.

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A test that determines the qualification of a voter based on their ability to read an write, or to understand the Constitution.

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Landmark case in 1961 in which the Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the 4th amendment may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts and federal courts.

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Under the 14th amendment, that a state must treat individuals the same as other individuals in alike circumstances.

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Case represents four cases, in each of which the defendant confessed guilt after being subjected to a variety of interrogation techniques without being informed of his 5th Amendment rights during an interrogation.

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Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.

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Court case that ruled it's unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer in public schools.

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The incorporation doctrine is a constitutional doctrine through which the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment.

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Term that describes actions that purposefully convey a message or statement to those viewing it.

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University of California v. Bakke in 1978, upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of the several factors in college admission policy.

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Refers to the requirement in criminal law that police have a reason to arrest someone, conduct a search, or seize property relating to an alleged crime.

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It's separation enforced by law, sometimes backed up with private pressure, lead to separation.

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Groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely subject to discrimination.

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aka symbolic speech, it involves the communication of ideas through the combination of language and action.

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A second prosecution for the same offense after a conviction or multiple punishments for the same offense.

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A legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person.

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It's a limitation placed upon the United States Congress preventing it from passing legislation respecting an establishment of religion.

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A law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial.