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During the Early Harappan period—about 3200 to 2600 BCE—there are cultural similarities in pottery, seals, figurines, and ornaments.

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Harappans are known for seal carving— the cutting of patterns into the bottom face of a seal, a small, carved object used for stamping.

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Harappa was a fortified city in modern-day Pakistan that is believed to have been home to as many as 23,500 residents living in sculpted houses.

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By 2600 BCE, small Early Harappan communities had developed into large urban centers. These cities include Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan and Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar, and Lothal in modern-day India.

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The Indus Valley Civilization is often separated into three phases: the Early Harappan Phase from 3300 to 2600 BCE, the Mature Harappan Phase from 2600 to 1900 BCE, and the  from Late Harappan Phase 1900 to 1300 BCE.

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Though they did not know it then and though the first major excavations did not take place until the 1920s, these railway workers happened upon the remnants of the Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization.