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DJD is a degenerative disease involving the structure of the cartilage around the bone, this involves the function of the joints and caused discomfort. DJD includes a range of different joint problems, this could be from the old age of the horse or such incident like a trauma. Lameness is associated to the joint pain. Management is required for this degenerative disease as no one treatment cures the problem (Pavord and Pavord 2009).

(Bjornsdottir et al. 2000) studied the radiographic images and clinical signs such as lameness towards horses to determine if the horse has degenerative joint disease in the tarsal joints. In the clinical assessment horses were palpitated in the tarsal area and motion assessed on the tarsal involving flexion testing.

The findings on this journal: just over thirty percent had DJD in the tarsal joints, this related closely to the horses age. Palpitation and flexion tests related closely to the results on the radiographic images. However, most lameness was not present but detected after flexion, although the lameness assessment could have not been indicated in the radiographic images.

In similar form, another journal nine years later looked at the relations of radiographic findings to clinical assessment. This concluded that there was no association between the lameness, response to the intra-articular and findings on radiographic imaging (Byam-cook and Singer 2009).

Parvord, T. Parvord, M. (2009) The complete Equine Veterinary Manual. 3rd Edition. Newton Abbot: David and Charles Limited.

Bjornsdottir, S. Axelsson, M. Eksell, P. Sigurdsson, H. Carlsten, J. (2000) “Radiographic and clinical survey of degenerative joint disease in the distal tarsal joints in Icelandic horses”. Equine Veterinary Journal, 32. (3), 268-272

Byam-cook, K. Singer, E. (2009) “Is there a relationship between clinical presentation, diagnostic and radiographic findings and outcome in horses with osteoarthritis of the small tarsal joints?” Equine Veterinary Journal, 41. (2) 118-123

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Ulcerative Colitis

Inflammation of the lining of the of the large intestine
It can be long lasting (chronic) or short term (acute). It can be infection or non infectious depending on the cause. It is important to quickly identify the cause so the horse can be treated accordingly.

Infectious Colitis is caused by:

Bacteria: Salmonella, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Lawsonia intracellularis, Neorickettsia risticii (Potomac Horse Fever)
Viruses: rotavirus in foals, coronavirus
Parasite: small strongyles

Symptoms include: diarrhoea, colic, fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, ventral edema (swelling of abdomen), can lead to dehydration

Diagnosis: fecal samples and blood work are carried out to assess the cause. Abdominal ultrasounds can be done to look at the internal organs.

Treatments: Horses will be admitted to isolation and given an intravenous to rectify the dehydration. Antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and pain relief are likely to be administered. Absorbents such as Bio Sponge are often administered. The horse is closely monitored and tests are likely to be repeated to assess the recovery of the horse. Cryotherapy can be used to prevent the onset of acute laminitis as a result of certain types of colitis.

Schoster, A. (2014), ACVIM Fact Sheet: Colitis in Adult Horses
Larsen, J. (1997) ‘Acute colitis in adult horses. A review with emphasis on aetiology and pathogenesis.’ Veterinary quarterly, 19(2), pp.72-80.

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Cushings (Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction)

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Cushings (Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction)

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Progressive nerve degeneration in the hypothalamus in the brain.
Generally occurs in older horses showing hirsutism (excess hair growth), delayed moulting, weight loss, polydipsia (excess thirst or drinking) polyuria (excessive or large production of urine) laminitis and reproductive disorders in broodmares.

No reports in stallions up to the 2015 journal (below) that identified symptoms in 1 Thoroughbred stallion. Horse was disagnosed with PPID and medicated with pergolide mesylate (Prascend). The horse died from a humerous fracture and post mortem confirmed a pituitary adenoma, however according to Hatazoe et al (2015) reproductive activity might not have been impaired as no pathogical findings were defined in the testicles.

Hatazoe, T. Kawaguchi, H and Misumi, K. (2015) ‘Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (equine Cushings’s disease) in a Thoroughbred stallion: a single report’. Journal of Equine Science, 26 (4): 125 - 128.

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A degenerative disease occurring in the Navicular bone - a small bone at the back of the coffin joint, just above the bulb of the hill.
The navicular bone is attached to the deep flexor tendon (DFT). Commonly seen in hunter, warmblood and hack types. Rarer in Arabian and ponies (Journal to be added)
Symptoms
Lameness is the main symptom
CAUSES
1. Bad conformation can be a cause - broken back pastern angle can cause extra wear and tear upon the DFT causing more strain on the navicular bone.
2. Physically Trauma to the bone.
3. changes to atrial blood supply.

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Reference: Dyson. S. (2002) 'Lameness and Poor Performance in the Sports Horse: Dressage, Show Jumping and Horse Trials.' Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 68. 5-7.
Dressage Injuries:
-Tendon and Ligament injuries
- Degenerative diseases of skeleton
-Back pains/muscle soreness
Show jumpers:
-Tendon and ligament injuries
Eventers:
-Tendon and ligament injuries
-skeletal injuries (fractures)
-Surface injuries

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Inner lining of the eye (the conjunctiva) becomes inflamed and infected.
Symptons:  discharge, shaking of the head in distress, depression, crusted-over eyes, unable to open, pain in the eyes
2 types: bacterial and viral
Causes:  Dust particles, allergens, upper respiratory tract infections, discharge from the nose and sinuses, systemic viral illnesses, a scratched cornea that becomes infected
Diagnosis: vets will ask owner about living conditions, examine eyes, perform blood tests or lab work. Conjunctiva scrapings, Schirma tear test (tear production)
Treatment: depends on whether it is bacterial or viral and the severity of the disease.
Antibiotics for horses with a pus discharge
Eye drops if its caused by allergens
Other methods include the vet removing foreign objects from the eye

Brooks, D.E. (2010) 'Equine conjunctival diseases: A commentary.' Equine Veterinary Education, 22(8), pp 382-386

https://wagwalking.com/horse/condition/conjunctivitis

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This is a viral infection that can cause respiratory disease, abortion of foals, fatal illnesses in new born foals and neurological diseases in adult horses. The disease is dormant in most horses from a young age and can become apparent at any age, this can often be due to stress. Symptoms include mild fever, coughing, discharge from the nose, pregnant mares aborting foals. There is no licenced vaccine to prevent EVH1. Can be treated with anti-inflammatory medications and intravenous fluids.

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Other things which can cause lameness is exercise and footing which therefore would indicate that lameness is more common in the spring and summer months due to the improved weather and increased riding exercise (Kane et al, 2000)
Boarding/Training operations have also been seen in US horse populations to cause lameness in horses especially with increased transport for competitions.
Kane, A.J. Traub-Dargatz et al. (2000) "The occurance and causes of lameness and laminitis in the US horse population". In AAEP proceedings. (Vol.46.pp277-280)

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Poor hoof balance could be a cause of lameness; due to poor conformation, shoe fitting. Could result in 'Altered foot orientation, which could result from trimming and shoeing, therefore influences intra‐articular pressure in the DIP and the articular contact area.' (Viitanen . M .J, 2003) .

Viitanen, M.J., Wilson, A.M., McGuigan, H.P., Rogers, K.D. and May, S.A., (2003.) Effect of foot balance on the intra‐articular pressure in the distal interphalangeal joint in vitro. Equine veterinary journal, 35(2), pp.184-189.

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Strangles is caused by a bacterium and can be spread by horse-to-horse contact, infected humans/equipment and is also airborne for a short period. The common signs are lethargy, nasal discharge, a cough, high temperature and swelling of the lymph nodes around the head and neck. In more severe cases, the guttural pouches can become abscessed and sometimes need to be drained. The below journal details the efficacy of a type of treatment to drain the guttural pouches in an attempt to eradicate carriers of the disease.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2746/042516400777584703

Verheyen, K., Newton, J. R., Talbot, N. C., de Brauwere, M. N. and Chanter, N. (2010) 'Elimination of gutteral pouch infection and inflammation in asymptomatic carriers of Streptococcus equi'. Equine Veterinary Journal. 32(6)

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Laminitis is a common cause of lameness; it is an inflammation of the laminar corium of the hoof wall which then stretches out onto the surface of the hoof causing the claw bone to twist and insert into the hoof. Could disturb the blood circulation in the specific area. Could be related to nutrition, due to excessive amount of carbohydrates. 'The pathological alterations inside the rigid hoof capsule cause considerable pain and, therefore, results in lameness,' (C.Bergsten, 2003)
Laminitis could also be caused by concussion on the hoof.

Bergsten, C., (2003), Causes, risk factors, and prevention of laminitis and related claw lesions., Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 44(1), p.S157