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Continent- HUGE landmass on earth, earth has 7

Latitude – parallel lines around the earth

Longitude – lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole

Hemispheres - two parts of the earth divided by the equator (Northern & Southern)

Prime Meridian – the line that connects the North Pole and the South Pole

Eq uator – imaginary line that divides the earth

Map Key (or legend) – explains the symbols on the map

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irrigation -  method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops
nomad – person who regularly moves from place to place in search of food

domestication – to tame animals and plants for human use

Hammurabi’s Code – collection of laws created by Hammurabi that covered almost every aspect of daily life

Mesopotamia – land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

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Tigris & Euphrates flooded leaving fertile soil

Unpredictable flooding

Deserts separated each city

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polythiestic

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Three classes of people: Upper, Middle, & Lower

Upper – king, priests, government officials, & scribes

Middle – artisans, merchants, farmers, & fishers

Lower - slaves

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Sailboat

Wheel

Bronze

levees

Number system based on 60

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Cuneiform

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Specialization

Division of labor

Hammurabi's code

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Papyrus – reed plant of the Nile Valley; used to make a form of paper

Hieroglyphics – system of writing made up of thousands of picture symbols developed by the ancient Egyptians

Pharaoh – all powerful king in ancient Egypt

Nile River Valley– river that supported the Egyptian civilization

Pyramid – a tomb built for Egyptian pharaohs

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Egypt is Surrounded by the sahara deserts

The nile river is the longest river in  the world

The Nile river has a delta

There are cataracts

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Sahara desert

Delta marshes

Cataracts

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Polytheistic

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1. Pharaohs

2. Upper Class (nobles, priests, & gov’t officials)

3. Middle Class (artisans, traders, scribes, shopkeepers)

4. Farmers & Herders (largest group)

5. Unskilled Workers (did physical labor & lived in the city

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Embalming

Pyramids

Geometry

Papyrus

Shadoofs

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Hieroglyphics – Egyptian system of writing made up of picture symbols

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Early on there was 2 kingdoms

(Upper & Lower)

United into one kingdom by 4000 B.C.

(Narmer)

A dynasty was developed. A line of rulers from one family.

Theocracy- political ruler and religious ruler same person

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Monotheism – the belief in one god

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament

Covenant – agreement

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday)

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Story of abraham and moses travels and struggles.

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Story of abraham and moses travels and struggles.

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Descended from Abraham-founder of Judaism.

Promised the land of Canaan by God if they worshipped the one true God.

Land dried up and people went to live in Egypt.

Jews became slaves in Egypt

moses went to free the slaves from the pharaoh but the pharaoh says no

10 plagues were sent to Egypt.

Last one killed all first- born children except the homes marked with lamb’s blood

The pharaoh let the jews go free

Moses led the exodus out of Egypt

Went back to Canaan

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Monotheistic

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Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India

Karma – in Hinduism, the good or bad energy a person build up based upon whether he or she lives a good or bad life

Buddhism – religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha; taught that the way to find truth was to give up all desires

Nirvana – in Buddhism, a state of wisdom and freedom from the cycle of rebirth

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Himalayas cause the separation(Himalayas-Highest mountains in the world).

India has 2 rivers, the Ganges River and the Indus River.

India is a subcontinent because it is separated from Asia.

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Buddhism-religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha.

He was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel.

Saw suffering and questioned why there was suffering.

Popular because it rejects the caste system.

Nirvana- a state of wisdom. Occurs when people give up all desires

They teach the Four Noble Truths.

1. Life is full of suffering.

2. People suffer because they desire worldly things.

3. The way to end suffering is to stop desiring things.

4. The only way to stop desiring things is to follow the Eightfold Path.

Eightfold Path describes the steps to eliminate suffering.

Eightfold Path describes the steps to eliminate suffering.

1. Tell the truth, don’t gossip

2. No killing, stealing, living an unclean life.

3. Keep your mind and senses under control.

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World’s third largest religion and one of the oldest.

All life is sacred

Developed from the Aryan religion.

The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of gods and goddesses.

Reincarnation- passing through many lives to reach the Brahman.

Dharma is divine law that states the Hindus must perform the duties of their caste.

Consequences of how a person lives is called karma.

If you do your dharma than you have good karma and that means you will be reincarnated in a higher rank in the caste system.

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Caste system- a social group that someone is born into and can not change.

Decides what job you will have, who you can marry and socialize with.

1. Brahmins- priest

2. Kshatriyas-Warriors and rulers

3. Vaisyas-Common people

4. Sudras- Unskilled laborers and servants

5. Considered unclean

6. Pariahs- Untouchables

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algebra

concept & symbol for zero

explained infinity (something without end)

invented symbols for 1-9 (we use today)

invented algorithms (series of steps that solve a problem)

Two epics still popular in India –Ramayana. Brave warriors & heroic deeds. Bhagavad Gita (Mahabharata) tells that the soul lives on after death

Understood gravity, that the earth was round & revolved around the sun, mapped movements of planets & stars

Believed that the earth was made up of tiny particles (atoms)

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Sanskrit

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Confucianism – system of beliefs introduced by the Chinese thinker Confucius; taught that people needed to have a sense of duty to their family and community in order to bring peace to society

Daoism – Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns

Leagalism-society needs a system of harsh laws and punishments, Strong rulers, founded by Hanfeizi

Mandate of heaven-the belief that the Chinese king’s right to rule came from the gods

Bureaucracy – a group of appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

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Flooding of the rivers brought destruction and good farming conditions to China.

Mountains & deserts isolated & protected China from others

China has very little farmland because much of the country is either mountains or deserts.

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Choose from a wide variety of shapes to create diagrams and charts. Free from Google.

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People of China were divided into groups.

1. King and his family

2. They were aristocrats and were rich because they owned land.

3. Warlords and Other Royal Officials

4. Farmers

5. Merchants, Shopkeepers, Traders and Bankers

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First to make paper!Soaked tree bark and grounded it into pulp. It dried into paper!

Gunpowder

Compass

Woodblock printing

Used herbs to prevent illness.

Acupuncture- sticking needles into patients skin.

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pictographs-characters that stand for objects.

Ideographs-join two or more pictographs to represent an idea.

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Had a bureaucracy – appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

Emperors believed they received wisdom and power from the gods, spirits, and ancestors.

The Mandate of Heaven was a law that gave emperors power to rule.

They were the link between heaven and Earth.

People expected the king to rule the proper way or Dao.
- They were to keep the Gods happy.

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republic- form of government in which the leader is a person elected by the citizens

patrician- wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome

plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome

consul- one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome
Pax Romana- long era of peace and safety in the Roman Empire

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Italy is a peninsula

Alp mountains separate italy from europe

Looks like a boot

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Greek then christianity

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Two social classes:

1. Patricians- wealthy landowners, they were the ruling class.

2. Plebeians- middle class, artisans, small farmers, shopkeepers. Groups can not marry each other.

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Problems were beginning at home because many farmers were in the army

Farmers came home to no land because rich Romans were buying their land.

Gap between the rich and poor grew

Gave them free “bread and circuses” to keep them happy.