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Continent- a principal/ HUGE landmass on earth, earth has 7

Prime Meridian- the line that connects the North Pole and the South Pole

Equator-  imaginary line that divides the earth

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Nomad-person who regularly moves from place to place in search of food

Hammurabi's code-  collection of laws created by Hammurabi that covered almost every aspect of daily life

Sumer- A city is mesopotamia

city-state - independent state made up of a city and the surrounding land and villages

ziggurat – a temple built for worship in ancient Mesopotamia

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Rivers- good for transportation and trade.
Deserts separated each city.
There was fertile soil because many Mesopotamian were farmers.

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People were polytheistic
Polytheism- belief in many god

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Writing system called cuniform
Sailboat, wheel, bronze, levees, & number system based on 60

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Cuniform

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Hammurabi's code

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Hieroglyphics – system of writing made up of thousands of picture symbols developed by the ancient Egyptians

Pyramid – a tomb built for Egyptian pharaohs

Mummy – a body tightly wrapped in linen strips

Dynasty – a line of rulers from one family

Polytheistic- Belief in more than one god

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Two narrow strips of farmland

The Nile river is 4,000 miles long

longest river in the world

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Deserts- the Sahara desert

Cataracts-  wild rapids

Delta marshes

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The pharaohs body when he becomes a mummy

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Papyrus  is a reed plant that grew along the Nile river valley. it was used to make baskets, sandals, river rafts, and paper.
They also invented geometry to survey lands and the made hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics are symbols that stood for an object.

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Hieroglyphics were symbols that stood for an object.

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Before, there were 2 kingdoms (upper & lower) but they then united in 4000 B.C. Also a dynasty was formed(line of rulers from the same family).

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Monotheism- belief in one god

Torah- the first 5 chapters of the bible

Rabbi- Jewish leader and teacher of the Torah

Abraham- founder of Judaism

Messiah- in Judaism, a deliverer sent by god

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Story of Abraham and Moses ravels and Struggles

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Story of Abraham and Moses ravels and Struggles

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Abraham was promised a promise land somewhere called Cannon.  Abraham traveled from Mesopotamia to Cannon.

Moses was trying to convince his step brother (the Pharaoh) to let the Jews (slaves) go. The Pharaoh said no, so Moses sent 10 plagues that eventually lead to killing the Pharaohs son. Then the Pharaoh sent soldiers to kill the Jews. The Jews had to cross the Red Sea so God parted the Red Sea so that the Jews could cross.

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Judaism

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Monsoon- in south Asia, a strong wind that blows one direction in t he winter and the opposite direction in summer

Caste- a social group a person is born into

Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul or spirit in different bodies

Karma- in Hinduism the good or bad energy a person build up based on whether he or she lives a good life

Polytheism- belief in many gods

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India is a sub continent
Himalayas cause the separation
The Himalayas are the biggest mountains in the world

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Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama. He was a prince who left everything to travel. He saw suffering and questioned why there was suffering. This religion was popular because it rejected the caste system.

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Hinduism is the 3rd largest religion.The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of gods. Dharma is the divine law that states that Hindus must perform the duties of their caste. Karma is the consequence of how a person livers there live.

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They invented algebra, the symbols 1-9, and algorithms.

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They write in Sanskrit

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Dynasty- line of rulers from the same family

Aristocrat- a noble who's wealth came from land ownership

Pictograph- a character that stands out for an object

Mandate- formal order

Silk Road- large network o trade routes stretching from western China to the Mediterranean Sea

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There are mountains. There are also deserts. Both landscapes protect China from enemies. China doesn't have a lot of fertile land because most of China's land is Mountains and Deserts.

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They were the first to make paper, gunpowder, compass, wood block printer, and acupuncture

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Pictographs and ideograph

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Rulers were part of the dynasty. They had a Bureaucracy. Also The Mandate of Heaven was the law given that gave emperors power to rule.

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Polis- in Greece, a city-state and the surrounding countryside that runs like its own town

Fable- short tale that teaches a lesson

Epic- long poem that tells about legends and heroes

Agora- an open area that served both a market and a meeting place

Myth- story describing gods, heroes and natural events

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Greece has mountains, they have islands. Greece is a peninsula. There was fertile soil.

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They believed in Greek gods. They were basically Polytheistic.

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They were both big cities.

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Philosophy means love of wisdom.
Socrates- absolute truth in each person. He taught using the Socratic method. Plato and Aristotle were other Greek philosophers.

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The Delian league was an alliance to defend Greek land from Persians near them.

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They were the first to try democracy. Only foreign men could vote. Without there democracy, we wouldn't have had representative democracy.

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His father was king Phillip II, king of Macedonia. Alexander becomes king when his father dies. Alexander beats the Persians and captures Egypt. Alexander died in 323 B.C.

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Republic- form of government in which  the leader is a person elected by the citizens

Plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome

Veto- to reject

Reform- changes that try to bring about an improvement

Vault- curved structure of stone or concrete forming a ceiling or roof

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Italy is in a form of a boot. Italy is peninsula. The Swiss Alps separate Italy from Europe. Rome is on the Tiber River.

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Judaism and Christianity

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1. people have the power 2.They have elected ruler 3.had to pay taxes.

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Rich people were buying farmers small lands.  There was rich v. poor.  Rome's reform fails. Army enters politics.

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How There Government Influenced our Government

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How There Government Influenced our Government

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We now have representative democracy because of them.

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Rome splits into Eastern Roman Empire and Western Roman Empire.

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Messiah- In Judaism, a deliverer sent by god

Disciple- Close follower of Jesus

Salvation- The act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter to heaven

Pope-  The bishop of Rome, later the head of the Roman Catholic Church

Mosaic- picture made from tiny bits of colored glass, tile or stones

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Jesus taught parables of peoples everyday lives. He taught that he was the son of God. He taught that he was sent down to save everyone from sin.

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People said he healed. Most people believed that he really was the son of God. But other Jews did not think he was the savior. The Romans thought that Jesus was just trying to overthrow them. They Arrested Jesus during the Passover.

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Some people believe that Jesus resurrected( rose from the dead). Jesus was hung on the cross. Then he was put in a tomb. Then 3 days later on Good Friday, he wasn't in the tomb because the rock that cover the body was open.

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One way Christianity was spread was by Jesus' disciples. Peter and Paul were the main ones. Also King Constantine made Christianity, Romes religion.

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Peter Set up the Catholic church in Rome.

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Paul set up the Eastern Orthodox church in the Byzantine Empire.

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Justinian was the emperor from 527 to 565 A.D. Justinian thought that the laws were too hard to understand, so he simplified.

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Caravan- Group of traveling merchants and animals

Bazaar- Marketplace

Muhammad-  prophet and founder of Islam

Crier- announcer who calls Muslim believers to pray 5 times a day

Allah- the name of God in Arabic

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In Arabia, there is a desert with hot sands. Most people lived in Oasis. There were also a lot of sandstorms

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Some teachings are that Allah created the universe, if you obey his laws, you will be entered into heaven, and that Muhammad is not the son of Allah

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Muhammad was born in Mecca. In 610 A.D. he was visited by an angel. Muhammad is the founder of Islam.

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Muslim people invented Algebra and astrolabes. They also invented chemistry and wrote Arabian Nights about Aladdin.

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They wrote in Arabian

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Muhammad first started with his family. Then Muhammad started preaching, but they were persecuted. So Muhammad moved them to Madinah. Also, Caravans spread the religion.

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Shinto- Spirit Worship

Shrine-Holy Place

Origami- Art of folding paper

Kami- The natural spirits in Shintoism

Calligraphy- Beautiful handwriting

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Japan is a chain of Islands off the coast of China. The islands are mountain tops that rise from the floor. There is very little fertile land so most people settle on the edge to fish.

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Shinto and Zen Buddhism are the 2 religions in Medieval Japan. In Shinto, People believed that all things were alive and that they had their own spirits. In Zen Buddhism, it teaches that people can find inner peace through self control and a simple life.

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Feudalism meant the land a lord granted to his vassal in exchanges of land. it is basically land for loyalty.

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Medieval Japan's influences were China.

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Japan's writing system is the same as China's writing system.

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Knight- in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who fought on horseback

Clergy- religious officials , such as priests, given authority to conduct religious services

Manor-a farming community that a nable ran and peasants worked.

Crusades- Christian military expedition, or holy war led to recover the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Serf- peasant laborer bound by law to the lands of a noble

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In Europe, Feudalism was the same except the names. The names are  knights, fiefs, and serfs.

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Charlemagne is the king that invented the 3 C's. He helped spread Christianity in bad times.

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The Catholic Church Unified three countries. The countries were Germany, France and the UK

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Crusades were the people who fought horseback. Crusades fought to gain Israel from the Muslims, but they were defeated. But when they fought against the Muslims, they noticed that everything they had was way advanced from what the Europeans had. So that battle opened up trade between Asia and Africa.

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Renaissance- means “rebirth” and began in Italy,rebirth of interest in art, literature, and learning.

Indulgence- pay to get a pardon, or forgiveness, of sin

Denomination-branches of Christianity

Galileo- created first modern telescope

Florence- birthplace of the Renaissance, first city-state to grow wealthy

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The location of the birthplace of the Renaissance was in Florence, Italy. It was born in Italy because there were wealthy bankers that supported financial artists.

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Humanism is based on Greek and Roman values, a way to gain knowledge through reason not just faith

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Reformation started when Martin Luther questioned the catholic church. He asked them why they were selling indulgences to be forgiven. It Impacted by making a new denomination of Christianity.

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In Counter Reformation, the church reforms.