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Question:

Are dogs colorblind?
Answer:
No, dogs are not colorblind in the sense that they see more than just black, white, and gray. However, the color range they perceive is limited compared to the spectrum we see.

To put it in very basic terms, the canine color field consists mostly of yellows, blues, and violets. "Human" reds, greens, and oranges are not distinguishable to dogs and instead appear somewhere on their yellow to blue spectrum.

The reason? The retina of both species contains two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones. The human eye, however, contains more types of cones while the canine eye has more rods and no fovea, which is responsible for sharp visual detail in humans. The result is that dogs have superior night vision and are better at tracking movement than we are, but see fewer colors and shapes and objects appear in much less detail.

The bottom line is that tossing an orange ball onto green grass may look like yellow against yellow to your dog, but his acute motion-detection ability will help him fetch it anyway.
Mentally Stimulating Games To Play With Your Dog Keep Dogs Safe While Gardening

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Question: Are dogs colorblind? Answer: No, dogs are not colorblind in the sense that they see more than just black, white, and gray. However, the color range they perceive is limited compared to the spectrum we see. To put it in very basic terms, the canine color field consists mostly of yellows, blues, and violets.

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Have you ever wondered what the world looks like through your dog's eyes? For example, when you throw a red ball into a patch of green grass, what does your pup see?

A popular notion suggests the world appears to dogs as outlines and shapes in shades of gray, or even that they're color-blind, but in reality, what they see is far from monochrome.

The term color-blind when applied to dogs is not entirely incorrect, but rather a misrepresentation of what dogs can intuit about their surroundings. Dogs can certainly see color, just like their owners, and the way they perceive their surroundings suits them perfectly.

Similar to humans who have red-green color blindness, defined as a difficulty distinguishing between red and green and the most common form of color vision deficiency found in humans, dogs are unable to differentiate between certain tones, explains veterinary ophthalmologist Dr. Laura Proietto, which is most likely where the misguided myth that dogs can't see colors started.

"Dogs definitely have a different view of the world, but they aren't 'color-blind,'" Proietto tells The Dodo.

"I think we were all told growing up that dogs only saw in black and white, but really all that they can't see is the color green. They can appreciate blues and reds and how they overlap to make different colors just fine," Proietto adds.

So what about all that green grass they love to frolic through? Are our pets missing an important piece of sensory information concerning their environment?

How Dogs Are Helping Researchers Cure Color Blindness https://t.co/qPTlSQQ3rt #dog @dogs https://t.co/kCDPxUc0mp pic.twitter.com/B26DbmCFyb
- Rockwell Pets Pro (@RockwellPetsPro) July 14, 2017

When it comes to visual information, dogs are far from deprived. The colors that dogs are able to see are a direct result of their evolution and lifestyle - so it actually helps that the green of the grass or the leaves of the forest is muted, notes Proietto.

Humans and other primates are trichromatic, meaning we have three kinds of photoreceptor cells that perceive color, known as "cones," in our retina, according to Colour Blind Awareness. Dogs, on the other hand, are dichromatic, meaning their eyes have only two types of cones - but for a very good reason.

More detailed dog color vision chart. pic.twitter.com/zxbfdNbyUr
- Steve Clark (@ProfFishman) October 16, 2013

"Dogs in nature need to hunt to eat, and hide and run from predators. In our homes, they really need to be able to see their ball as it bounces across the floor or flies across the yard," Proietto explains.

"Their dichromatic (reds and blues) vision helps with identifying predators and prey, as well as enhancing contrast between colorful animals or balls and the green background of the grass and trees that is muted in their visual field."

A dog's "limited" vision acts as a natural filter - yes, similar to Instagram - making some objects bolder and more defined, while "washing out" the unimportant details, according to Proietto. Blue and red animals or toys, for example, might be far more noticeable compared to a gray-ish background than they would if they were silhouetted against a bright green backdrop. This is one of the many reasons your dog has no trouble bringing back that tennis ball you threw all the way across the field.

While human 20/20 vision is about two-and-a-half times better than our pets' eyesight, dogs have a few other tricks that more than make up for the missing cones, especially when night falls, Proietto notes.

"They have much better night vision than we do and are excellent at picking up motion," Proietto explains. "They don't need the same visual acuity to read or drive a car that we do, so they are wired differently with different receptors in the eye to be able to pick up even the most subtle of motion around them."

It may make some pet parents sad to think that their dog is missing out on all the colors of the rainbow, but seeing through a faded "gingham" Instagram filter has some serious perks for both pet owners and their pups.

"Their other senses take over, and what they lack in color vision and detail they more than make up for with the aid of their other senses," Proietto says. "Think of the dogs whose noses have saved so many people just by sniffing them out."

Curious about what your dog can and can't see? Try viewing an image though your dog's eyes here.

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Have you ever wondered what the world looks like through your dog's eyes? For example, when you throw a red ball into a patch of green grass, what does your pup see? A popular notion suggests the world appears to dogs as outlines and shapes in shades of gray, or even that they're color-blind, but in reality, what they see is far from monochrome.

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In some ways, humans and dogs see the world very differently. What you perceive as a fire hydrant, your dog sees as a can't-miss communication center. It may look like an ordinary vacuum cleaner to you, but your pooch obviously detects something more sinister lurking in the closet.

One thing we do have in common with our four-legged friends? We see the world in color.

Are Dogs Color Blind?

Although early research suggested that dogs were unable to perceive color, the popular notion that dogs see in black and white turns out to be nothing more than an oft-repeated myth.

"Contrary to popular belief, dogs can see color, too," says Dr. Shelby Reinstein, a veterinary ophthalmologist at Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center in Pennsylvania. "Color vision is possible due to specialized types of photoreceptor cells in the called cones. When these cells are stimulated, they transmit a signal to the brain, which is perceived as a particular color. Humans possess three types of cones. On the other hand, dogs possess two types of cones, so their ability to perceive colors is limited compared to humans."

Humans have blue, red, and green cones, whereas dogs have a blue cone and a visual pigment that falls between a human red and green, describes Dr. Gustave Aguire, professor of medical genetics and ophthalmology at PennVet. "The eye really is complex, and the retina is an extremely beautifully organized structure meant for capturing light," he says.

In comparison to rods, cones also excel when it comes to the ability to see fine detail. Therefore, people are better able to make out the minutia of things seen up close in comparison to dogs.

Can Dogs See Color?

So what exactly is your pup seeing at the dog park? Even without being able to interpret every hue, his afternoon isn't all that different from yours-especially if you experience a form of color blindness. "Dog color vision is quite similar to a person who has red-green color blindness," explains Reinstein. "Dogs see shades of blue, yellow and green, which when combined, can be perceived as grayish brown, dark yellow, light yellow, grayish yellow, light blue and dark blue. This probably explains why dogs love chasing a bright yellow tennis ball on the green grass under the blue sky."

Sight, of course, is much more complex than color-it's not just about the colors of the rainbow, but the arc of the rainbow, the sharpness, the plane flying through it. While the human eye has advantages when it comes to perceiving some colors and fine detail, in other environments, canines have the upper hand. "While we do not think that dogs can focus as clearly on close objects, and therefore rely on smell and taste, we know that they are able to see better in dim light," says Beale. "They possess more rod photoreceptors for dim lighting in the middle of their retinas and have a lucidum that reflects light through the retina twice-we see this as dogs' eyes shining in the dark." Rods are also better at picking up movement than are cones. So, if your dog appears to be tracking something at a distance, particularly in dim light, you should pay attention.

"Even though a dog's vision palette isn't as vibrant as ours, their other senses are so heightened," adds petMD trainer Victoria Schade. Take, for instance, a dog's keen sense of smell. Dr. Katy Nelson, veterinary expert for petMD, shares an example of smelling a bowl of salad. "We would smell the salad and maybe the salad dressing," she says. "If a dog smells that same salad, he's going to walk up and smell the tomatoes, and the cucumbers, and the specific type of lettuce, and anything else you put in there. He's going to smell all of those individual smells."

While researchers believe that all breeds perceive roughly the same spectrum of colors, other components of sight do vary depending on anatomy and size, which can differ wildly when it comes to dogs. "Certainly the perspective differs between a Great Dane and a Chihuahua," says Dr. Brady Beale, a clinical instructor of ophthalmology at the University of Pennsylvania's PennVet. "Additionally, the position of the eyes on the head of the dog varies between breeds. If eyes are close together and a nose is relatively short, there will be a bigger overlap in the visual fields of the two eyes. This is called binocular vision, and larger overlap would provide more information for depth perception."

So if you've been wondering whether dogs can see colors or if dogs can see in relative darkness, the answer is simple-yes. While their vision capabilities are slightly different than humans and they can see better in low light settings, dogs generally experience the world of sight in a similar way to their two-legged counterparts.

Even if their ability to perceive color is limited, "I certainly don't think that changes their perception of the world by any means," Nelson says. "I do feel like they get the full experience of it out there."

Image: Annette Shaff via Shutterstock

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In some ways, humans and dogs see the world very differently. What you perceive as a fire hydrant, your dog sees as a can't-miss communication center. It may look like an ordinary vacuum cleaner to you, but your pooch obviously detects something more sinister lurking in the closet.