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Latitude – parallel lines around the earth  Equator – imaginary line that divides the earth

Hemispheres - two parts of the earth divided by the equator (Northern & Southern)

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domestication – to tame animals and plants for human use

civilization – complex society with cities, organized government, art, religion, class divisions, and a writing system  *agriculture – growing crops for human use or farming

*Sumer – a city in Mesopotamia

*Mesopotamia – land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

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*Tigris & Euphrates flooded leaving fertile soil

* Unpredictable flooding

*  Crops were irrigated

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Sumer Religion – polytheistic (many gods).

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Three classes of people: Upper, Middle, & Lower

Upper – king, priests, government officials, & scribes

Middle – artisans, merchants, farmers, & fishers

Lower - slaves

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Sumer’s greatest invention was a writing called cuneiform

A few people learned to write. They were called scribes. Scribers were record keepers.

Invented the sailboat, wheel, bronze, levees & number system based on 60.

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Cuneiform

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Papyrus – reed plant of the Nile Valley; used to make a form of paper

Hieroglyphics – system of writing made up of thousands of picture symbols developed by the ancient Egyptians

Pharaoh – all powerful king in ancient Egypt

Deity – god or goddess

Agriculture - growing crops for human use or farming

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4,000

miles long

Successful

near river

* Longest river in the world- 4000 miles

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Red Sea and Nile river

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Worshiped many deities (or gods)-polytheism

Believed the pharaohs needed a body in the afterlife

After death even better life than present life

Invented embalming to preserve the body of pharaohs

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1. Pharaohs

2. Upper Class (nobles, priests, & gov’t officials)

3. Middle Class (artisans, traders, scribes, shopkeepers)

4. Farmers & Herders (largest group)

5. Unskilled Workers (did physical labor & lived in the cit

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Papyrus – a reed plant that grew along the Nile River Valley

Papyrus was used for baskets, sandals, river rafts, & paper

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Early on there was 2 kingdoms

(Upper & Lower)

United into one kingdom by 4000 B.C.

(Narmer)

A dynasty was developed. A line of rulers from one family.

Theocracy- political ruler and religious ruler same person

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Monotheism – the belief in one god

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament

Covenant – agreement

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday)

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monotheistic religion of the Jews

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Moses received the Torah

Rules to live by were the Ten Commandments

God made a covenant or an agreement with Israelites

They could go back to Canaan if they followed His laws

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Monsoon – in South Asia, a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer

Subcontinent – large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it

Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans

Caste – social group a person is born into and cannot change

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India

Brahman – in Hinduism, the universal spirit of which all gods and goddesses are different parts

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religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha; taught that the way to find truth was to give up all desires

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Brahmins- priest

Kshatriyas-Warriors and rulers

Vaisyas-Common people

Sudras- Unskilled laborers

and servants

Pariahs- Untouchables

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Dynasty – line of rulers from the same family

Aristocrat – noble whose wealth came from land ownership

Pictograph – a character that stands for an object

Ideograph – a character that joins two or more pictographs to represent an idea

Bureaucracy – a group of appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

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Mountains & deserts isolate & protect China from others

China has very little farmland because much of the country is either mountains or deserts.

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chart between legalism confucianism and daoism

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chart between legalism confucianism and daoism

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First to make paper!

Soaked tree bark and grounded it into pulp.

It dried into paper!

Gunpowder,  compass & woodblock printing .

Used herbs to prevent illness.

Acupuncture- sticking needles into patients skin.

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Ideographs
pictographs

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Rulers were part of a dynasty

Dynasty- line of rulers who belong to the same family

Rulers were called emperors

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Polis - in Greece, a city-state and the surrounding countryside that runs like its own country

Agora- an open area that served as both a market and a meeting place

Direct Democracy-Athens government, government by the people, citizens share in running the government, each citizen has 1 vote

Representative Democracy-USA system of government, where citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and decisions for them

Myth - story describing gods, heroes, or natural events

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Delion League- an alliance to defend Greek land from the Persians near them

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they are going to be the first to try democracy, or “rule by the people”

They had a powerful direct democracy- where people DIRECTLY vote on laws and policies

Foreign born men, Athenian women and enslaved men could not vote or hold office.

Without their ideas we would never have had a representative democracy- this is when citizens choose a small group of people to make decisions for them.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

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republic- form of government in which the leader is a person elected by the citizens

patrician- wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome

plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome

consul- one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome

veto- to reject

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At the top of the boot is the Alps, mountains that separate Italy from Europe.

Rome is located on the Tiber River.

A source of water and travel.

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Christianity

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Patricians- wealthy

landowners, they

were the ruling class.

Plebeians- middle class,

artisans, small farmers,

shopkeepers. Groups can not

marry each other.

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1. People have the power.

2. They have an elected ruler.

3. Had to pay taxes.

So…

Within 70 years the people of Rome controlled all of Ital

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Rich v. Poor

Big Gap between the rich people and the poor people

Rich people buying up all the small farmers land

No jobs in the city for poor people

Rome’s Reforms fail

Dishonest Government Officials

Stole land and money and bribed officials

Army Enters Politics:

Farmers join the army and are paid for their loyalty

Loyal to the leader and not to the Roman Republic

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how did the government  influence our government today ??

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how did the government  influence our government today ??

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laws and goverment
latine alphabet

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Messiah-in Judaism, a deliverer sent by God

(Or a savior)

Disciple-close follower of Jesus

Resurrection-the act of rising from the dead

Apostle-early Christian leader who helped to set up churches and spread the message of Jesus

Salvation-the act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven

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He taught that Jewish laws were not as important as having a relationship with God.

2. He said God was coming to rule the world and that God was his father.

He said that God wanted people to love and forgive others like God does.

4. He used stories to teach lessons called parables.

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Many Jewish people said he healed the sick.

Many thought that he was the messiah.

Other Jews thought that he was not a savior.

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Peter went to Rome and set up the Catholic Church. (Europe)

Paul spread Jesus’ teachings in the eastern part of the Roman empire. (Byzantine)

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They crucified him (and many other people) by hanging him on a cross until he was dead.

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Men called monks are going to live in communities called monasteries.

There were also missionaries who traveled to teach Christianity to others.

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Paul spread Jesus’ teachings in the eastern part of the Roman empire. (Byzantine)

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caravan- group of traveling merchants and animals.

oasis- green area in a desert fed by underground water.

Quran- holy book of Islam.

mosque- Muslim house of worship.

bazaar- marketplace.

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Animism - belief that all natural things are alive and have their own spirit

shrine - holy place

samurai - class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land

shogun - military general over a large area of feudal Japan

daimyo - powerful military lord over small territories in feudal Japan

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Very little land on Japan is farmable. Many have fought for good farm land.

Many people settle on the coast to fish for food as well as grow rice.

Japan is surrounded by water so it is isolated from outside influences with some contact from China.

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shrines
animism.
kami