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An older standard for connecting mice and keyboards.

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A standard for wired internet access, available on virually all computers.

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A high-speed interface used for different peripherals including digital cameras and external hard disks.

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Connects a variety of peripherals incuding mice, keyboards, external hard disks, etc.

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An older standard for connecting hard disks. It is sower and mainly used for devices like CD and DVD drives.

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It is a high speed standard for connecting hard disks, DVD and Blu-ray players. eSATA it is used for connecting external devices.

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Used to connector digital displays to digital video sources. They are designed to handle the requirements of High Definition signals.

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Used for connecting a standard monitor to a computer or game console.

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These are used to connect input, out´put, stortage and networking devices. There are different types of Ports and Connectors.

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Computer graphics are represented as bits and bytes. They store the image data in different ways and each pixel in an image uses three bytes of storage space: on byte represents the amunt of red, one byte the amount of green and one byte the amount of blue.

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ASCII and Unicode are both examples of plain text standards. They specify the characters that make up a text but they do not iclude ways to specify other formatting attributes. To use more advanced formatting features, a word processor must be used.

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A more modern coding scheme which aims to solve some of the problems of ASCII. It uses up to 4 bytes to represent each character. Modern operating systems use Unicode as their character representation standard.

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There arew two ways to ensure data is fuly removed from your hard disk:
-physically destroying the hard disks.
-using specail disk wiping software. A strong magnet could be used for wiping the data.
I the intention is to reuse the disk, the user could use specialist disk wiping or secure deletion software. This overwrites all data on the hard disk with random data making the old data unaccessible.

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The same students previously mentioned were able to recover data because deleting a file on a computer does not normally remove the file´s actual data.Instead, deleting the file removes the pointer to the datafrom the hard disk´s File Allocation Table, which acts like an index to each file. However, the data itself remains overwritten by new files.

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In2003, two MIT students created a study on 158 second-hand hard disk purchased from the online auction site eBay. The students attempted to recover previously stored data from the disks. They found that 117 drives contained data that it could be recovered and read, 12 drives had been correctly erased and 29 drives failed to work

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A standard coding scheme for representing text using the English alphabet. Each byte of data represents a single character. The maximum number of characters it can represent is 128, however this wasn´t enough because it fails to include characters form many languages. The a new version was developed, allowing 256 characters.

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Computers communicate data by using predefined standards that govern the meaning of each bit and byte.

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The computer represents all of its data internally as binary digits: ones and zeroes. These are known as bits. Eight of this bits are grouped together into more meaningful units called bytes.

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They produce hard copies of documents and files. The speed of a printer is expressed in PAGES PER MINUTE (PPM.
Dot Matrix printers: Incredibly noisy and quite slow.
Inkjet Printers: Squirts ink onto a page through a series of nozzles Capable of very high quality printouts when using the correct ink. The quality is measured in the DOTS PER INCH (DPI).
Laser Printers: They produce higher quality printouts than inkjet printers but they are also more expensive.

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They come in many forms. They have essential functions, they can be used in busy environments where a person must absorb a lot of information at once or in emergency situations where sound is more likely to be noticed.

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CRT displays: Big, deeps, monitors used on almost all desktop computers.
LCD screens: They have almost completely replaced the CRT displays. They are cheaper, thinner, lighter and give out higher quality iamges. It also has a native resolution, giving the best image quality when using an LCD screen as a native resolution.
Projector: Much greater size than CRT and LCD screens, usually used to present data to a large audience.
Interactive whiteboards: A combination of projector and touch screens.

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It presents data to the user and it can also output text, images, video, sound, and other types of data.

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The main concerns include the fact that it is possible to make extremely small tags, raising worries about privacy, surveillance and the posibility to tag items, tracking them and even tracking the person carrying those items.

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It consists of two components: the RFID tag, attached to the surface of an item and an RFID reader, to retrieve the information on the tag. It has greater storage. A chip can be implanted into the skins of pets to enable identification and it can also be used in passports.

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Used for tracking or finding objects. They emit Very High Frequency radio signals which can be located by a receiver. It also allows to animals to be monitored without disturbing them.

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They are low resolution video cameras. They are used to record the user into the computer and, soemtimes, they can also be used as cheap security cameras.

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They have gradually replaced film model. They are used to input image, video, and sound straight into the computer. This can be done with a USD or FireWire connection, or by putting the camera´s memory card into the card reader

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It measures aspects of the physical world. The data is typically in analog data and it needs to be converted into a digital data with an ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL Data converter. Sensors collect data without needing human intervention.

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Digitizes a piece of paper. The resolution is measured in a DPI (Dots Per Inch), that determines the quality. Many also come with OCR (Optical Character Recognition) to convert a scanned image containing text back into ´normal´ text.

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Uses an ink that contains iron particles, which makes it magnetic. Makes it human-readable, while the iron allows the computer to diferentiate them.

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They include a method to speedily read and count multiple choice answers. It uses reflected light to determine if a mark exists.

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They are plastic credit card style cards.They differ from normal magnet stripe cards by having a higher storage      capacity and an embedded processor.The processor is powered in when the card is inserted into a smart card
reader.The processor then controls access to the data stored on

the card.

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Magnetic stripes store a small amount of data which is read using a magnetic stripe reader. A clone card could be spotted by a person because it would lack the colors,
logo, security holograms and signature of a genuine card. Bank cards, credit cards, hotel key cards and some frequent traveler cards feature a magnetic stripe.

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Uses a laser to shine light into a barcode label. It interprets the barcode label as a number. The UPC (Universal Product Code) is one standard which defines how a barcode stores its information.

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Many different configurations include a variety of buttons and features.More exotic devices include steering wheels and pedals, musical instruments and dance mats. The Nintendo´s Wii has internal motion censors to interpret the user´s movement into actions in the game.

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Allows sound data to be input into the computer.Allows a person to dictate words into a word processor to write a document, rather than typing (through the voice recognition software. Voice-control software is similar except the user speaks commands to the computer operating system.

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Allow users to interact with computers using their hand. They are also useful on small portable devices. Many include multi-touch.

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They are common on laptops. The user can move the pointer by tracing their finger across the touch pad. It also has bars at the side to scroll text on screen. Multi-touch touch pads allow more complex actions to be performed using several fingers.

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A relatively large ball which is fixed in place so that the user can spin it around. It does not move across the space. It can be built-in into a computer system easily, making it harder to steal.

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The standard pointing device on most desktop computers. It has two buttons and many also have a scroll wheel in the centre.Some have additional buttons which can be programmed to perform customizable commands.

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Represented by a series of buttons drawn on a monitor or screen. It uses a combination of hardware and it can be more accessible than regular keyboards. It is also useful for small devices where it is not possible to include full sized keyboards.

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Each key is programmed to perform a custom function. Each key performs one compound task. User can make a quick selection of choices from pre-set options.

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-Standard QWERTY Keyboards
-The Dvorak Keyboards: incrase typing speeds by putting together commonly paired letters.
-Multimedia Keyboards: Feature additional hotkeys for opening commonly used apps.

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Hardware items that alow entry of information into the computer.

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It is a specialized computer which is hidden inside another device. They are typically programmed to perform only one type of specific task.

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Many can run applications. They either have full keyboards, or use soft keyboards.  Internet access is standard on smart phones

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They are in between mobile phones and netbooks in terms of their size and functionality.  Their screen in used either for touch input using a soft keyboard, or handwriting recognition.

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They are designed for maximum portability. Netbooks typically have a very slow processor, a small amount of RAM, and a small, low resolution screen. A benefit they have is their lower weight and greatly increased battery life.

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They are designed for simple internet access and word processing, to those powerful enough to replace an average desktop computer. They consist of a standard keyboard, an LCD screen of between 14 and 17 inches, and a Wi-Fi card to allow wireless access to the Internet. They could have security and privacy consequences if the data is not protected against unauthorized access.

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They are relatively cheap compared to laptop computers with equivalent hardware specifications. They use generic parts with standard interfaces: this makes upgrading and repairing them easier than with some laptop computers

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They are optimized for high data throughput. This means they are able to read extremely large amounts of data from storage, process it and store the results very quickly.They need a lot of computing power because of their sheer volume.

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There are different types of hardware...

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There are different types of hardware...

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-Supercomputers: They are the largest, fastest and most powerful computers available. They achieve incredibly high processing speeds through MULTIPROCESSING, with different processors. They have thousands of gigabytes of primary storage and many terabytes of secondary storage space. They require significant amounts of power to operate and cool them.

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The hardware are the tangible, physical parts of the computer which work together to input, process, store and output data.