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Seligman, L., & Reichenberg, L. W. (2014). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Systems, Strategies, and Skills. Boston: Pearson.

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Counseling and psychotherapy experts introduced the fourth force of psychotherapy. Parts of the first, second, and third forces were intertwined to create an approach that is both comprehensive and holistic. This development strived to understand people and their mental and emotional states to the fullest.  This is when ideas such as individual identity, cultural competence, and networking came into play.

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In 1960, Carl Rogers developed the third force of psychotherapy, existential-humanistic psychotherapy. This expansion in the field indicated that individuals could have the ability to maintain their own emotions and take control of their own lives.

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B.F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, and Donald Meichenbaum birthed the evolution of the second force of psychotherapy which focused on behavioral and cognitive theories and interventions.  This advancement in the field described emotions as the cause to individual's thoughts and actions.

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Sigmund Freud developed the first force of psychotherapy which perceived people's experiences as the cause to their emotional state.

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Society was unaware of mental illness. Individuals with mental illness were either forced into inhumane institutions or left unnoticed.