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The scientific method is a six step process that helps scientists conduct an expirement. It begins with : asking a question. Then continues on to : background research. This step helps you learn more about the topic and ensures you do not repeat a mistake another scientist has made in the past. After finding background research you must create a testable hypothesis. You must do this so you can continue with the expirement and be able to have a conclusion. Then you test the expirement and analyze the data.  When you find out whether or not your collected data supports or opposes your hypothesis, you must draw a conclusion. These five steps coincide to help you create a successful experiment.

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Hypothesis : a proposed explanation or starting point for an expirement.
Background research : basic background information that will help you expand your knowledge on the topic.
Expirement : a scientific procedure that tests a hypothesis.
conclusion : what the outcome of the expirement shows, whether the data found in the expirement supports or goes against your hypothesis.
Observation : when you look over the expirement or data.

prediction : make a educated guess on what will happen to the subject or thing you are testing.
independent variable : part of the expirement that changes.
dependent variable : part of the expirement you that is affected by the independent variable.
control : another word for constant, unchanged variable throughout the expirement.
constant : variables that stay the same for both expirements.

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https://youtu.be/KIFz_-KzURY

This video gives you an example of each step being done and simplifies the explanation of each step. It also is quite catchy and can help you learn it quicker.

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https://www.amnh.org/explore/science-bulletins/the-scientific-process/
This website shows the 6 different steps that are included in the scientific method. It includes a short description of each step and how some scientists use it.

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What is the third step of the scientific method?
a. analyze data
b. conduct an expirement
c. make a conclusion
d. formulate a hypothesis

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Cells contain organelles. All of these organelles have specialized functions. These specialized functions helps the whole cell to work to stay alive. All of these cells combined make up organisms. There are also two different types of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are unicellular and don’t contain nucleuses or membrane bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells  are any organisms that contains a nucleus enclosed by a membrane. Both animal and plant cells lie in the eukaryotic category. The differences between animal and plant cells is the chloroplast and the cell wall that envelopes the plant cell.

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eukaryotic : any organism who has a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.
prokaryotic : unicellular organism that does not have membrane bound organelles.
nucleus : a rounded organelle inside of a cell that contains genetic material.
membrane-bound organelles : only occur in eukaryotic cells.
cell wall : protects cell membrane in plant cells.
endoplasmic reticulum : found in eukaryotic cell cytoplasm and transports proteins.
cytoplasm : contains all of the organelles.
nucleus envelope : a double membrane that surrounds and protects the nucleuses genetic information.
mitochondria : organelle that produces energy, powerhouse of the cell.
organelles : are specialized organisms inside of the cell that have specialized fucntions.

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There are two types of cell transport. Passive and Active transport. Passive transport does not require energy while active transport does. These transports happen along the cell membrane to make the outside concentration equal to the inside of the cell. Water has a part in Osmosis,  which is water moving through the semi permeable cell membrane, to equalize the concentration on each side of the membrane. Water has many properties like high specific heat, adhesion, cohesion, polarity and density. These properties all coincide to make the simple compound, water.

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Cohesion : waters attraction to polar molecules.
Adhesion : sort of stickiness, water has for other  substances.
semi permeable : membrane that allows certain substances to pass through it and not others.
active transport : movement of molecules through a membrane into a area of high density, uses energy.
passive transport : movement of molecules through a membrane into an area of lower density from an area of higher density, does not require energy.
cell membrane : encloses organelles and is semi permeable.
high specific heat : the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature a degree.
polarity : uneven distribution of electron density.
density : weight of the water per unit volume.
properties : characteristics, in this way, pertaining to water.

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https://youtu.be/URUJD5NEXC8
This video contains a thorough explanation of the various structures inside the cell and their function.

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https://www.wyzant.com/resources/lessons/science/biology/cells

This website gives a brief overview over the cell theory and the organelles the cells contain. The organelles have descriptions which will help simplify what it means and help you understand.

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https://youtu.be/Ptmlvtei8hw

This video explains in depth what active and passive transport are whilst also giving examples of both types of transport.

https://youtu.be/3jwAGWky98c

This video explains various types of properties of water. It also gives an example for each property or a lengthy explanation.

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https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/transport-across-a-cell-membrane/a/passive-transport-and-active-transport-across-a-cell-membrane-article

This website includes lengthy descriptions and examples for each type of transport.

https://owlcation.com/stem/5-Properties-of-Water

This website includes explanations for each property of water.

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Mitosis and Meiosis are processes, through which, different types of cells divide. Mitosis produces two daughter cells with the same chromosomes as the parent. Meiosis produces haploid sex and gamete cells for diploid cells. Mitosis only goes through the process once whilst Meiosis goes through the process twice to produce 4 different cells. The different phases of the cell cycle are called : prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. These phases consist of the 4 different parts of cell division that cells undergoing mitosis and meiosis go through. Prophase is when the centrioles begin to move to opposite sides of the cell. Metaphase is when spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes that have aligned in the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the sister chromatids separate and move to the sides of the cell. Telophase is when all the chromosomes have finished moving to the poles of the cell and the sides separate and create two different cells.

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Haploid cell : when a cell has one complete set of chromosomes
Diploid cell : when a cell contains two sets of chromosomes
Gamete : a mature sexual reproductive cell
Sex cell : a gamete
Chromosome : structure of nucleic acids and protein.
Prophase : first stage, centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell.
Metaphase : second stage, spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
Anaphase : third stage, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of cell.
Telophase : last stage, cells separate and are now two different cells.

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Protein Synthesis is a process where biological cells generate new proteins. This process starts in the Nucleus. In the nucleus, enzymes unwind the DNA and RNA makes a copy of the DNA. This RNA then transports the copy to the cells cytoplasm where it continues to the ribosome and binds itself to it. Then the mRNA triggers another RNA molecule called tRNA (transfer RNA). This tRNA will trigger another tRNA that are complimentary to each other. The amino acids that the tRNAs carry bind to each other using ATP. These tRNAs then form a chain of amino acids which then turn into a protein. The chain folds into a 3-d shape and the process is complete.

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Amino acids : organic compound
Ribosome : made of RNA and proteins , binds mRNA and tRNA
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
mRNA : messenger RNA that conveys genetic info from DNA to ribosome
tRNA : link between mRNA and amino acid sequence of proteins
RNA : ribonucleic acid
DNA : deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic information
Protein : macromolecules made up of amino acid chains
RNA copy : copies unwinded DNA genetic info
Cytoplasm : material within a living cell

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https://youtu.be/oefAI2x2CQM

This video takes you though the steps of protein synthesis and the role it plays with DNA.

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https://www.google.com/amp/s/science-explained.com/theory/dna-rna-and-protein/amp/
This website thoroughly describes DNA and protein synthesis and it’s contributing factors.

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What step of protein synthesis is tRNA included in?
A. Creating an amino acid chain
B. Transporting copied DNA
C. Copying unwinded DNA
D. Unwindind DNA

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What is the major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
A. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles whilst Eukaryotic cells do.
B. Prokaryotic cells are unicellular organisms and Eukaryotic cells are multicellular.
C. Eukaryotic cells contain nucleuses while Prokaryotic cells do not.

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What cell transport requires no energy?
A. active transport
B. passive transport
C. cohesion
D. high specific heat

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https://youtu.be/g5O4ZkCqBuA

This video shows a comparison chart between Mitosis and Meiosis. It includes an explanation on the haploid cell.

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http://bio1510.biology.gatech.edu/module-4-genes-and-genomes/4-1-cell-division-mitosis-and-meiosis/
This website includes descriptions and examples of meiosis and mitosis. It describes chromosomes and “ploids”

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Which cell division method produces haploids?
A. Meiosis
B. Mitosis

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Biotechnology is improving by the day. Biotechnology is using living systems to develop new products or other living organisms. The first biotechnological advancement scientist made was making Dolly, the sheep. She was the first biogenetically engineered clone. Scientists are continuing to experiment on donor cells to soon clone, humans. These scientists are also making genetically modified organisms (GMOs). These foods have had their DNA changed using genetic engineering. Foods like this can help us produce more food and not run out due to overpopulation. We can genetically engineer foods to grow in different seasons or to make them rot slower. This will help us in the long run to overcome many issues we will have with agriculture in the future. The continuation of biotechnology will help it to develop better.

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Clone : two genetically same people, one coming from a cell inside of the donor.
Biotechnology : use of living organisms to make other products.
Dolly the sheep : First cloned organism.
Agriculture : farming.
GMOs : organisms created in a laboratory.
Organisms : single celled form.
Rot : decay or go bad.
Genetics : features of an organism, inherited traits, heredity.
Overpopulation : when a population does not have enough reliable resources to provide for everyone and due to this will decline.

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https://youtu.be/XTFNbeNC4pA
This video provides examples of genetic engineering in animals (clones). In addition to this, it includes background information on the topic.

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https://www.britannica.com/science/genetic-engineering

This website talks about genetic engineering and how it connects to the world and gives background information.

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What was the first biologically engineered clone?
A. Tilly
B. Sam
C. Dolly
D. Molly

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Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was first introduced in 1858. His theory was not widely accepted and because of that (and new information) it has not become a law. His theory is that all species come from pre-existing species. Every species has come from a previous one and because of adaptation they gain new traits every few generations. There are ways that new species can form. Some of them are called Bottleneck effect, founders effect, geographic isolation, temporal isolation and genetic drift. These effects can dramatically change the population size.

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Evolution : a theory that all species came from other species
Species : basic unit of classification
Generation : organisms born and living at around the same time
Traits : inherited characteristic
Adaptation : fits organisms into their generation, adjustment
Theory : a generalization based off of information that can be changed
Law : generalization that has been proven to be true with every evidence.
Geographic isolation : species that cannot reproduce with a species that is isolated by its placement
Temporal isolation : isolated from reproducting during certain time periods.
Founders effect : a new species that is introduced by a small amount of individuals

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https://youtu.be/P3GagfbA2vo

This video gives a thorough explanation of evolution.

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https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.livescience.com/474-controversy-evolution-works.html

This article gives you background information on Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution.

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Who made the theory of evolution?
A. James Charles
B. Charles Darwin
C. Miller - Urey
D. Bill Nye

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Plants are eukaryotes. They play a key part in how we breathe and do daily things. Plants make food through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis intertwines with Cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the process in which humans use to breathe. Photosynthesis outputs the necessary components cellular respiration needs inputted. Photosynthesis requires CO2, H2O and ATP energy. This allows the plants to create food for itself. Plant cells also contain a organelle other cells do not have called chlorophyll.

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Eukaryotic : any organism who has a nucleus enclosed within a membrane
CO2 : carbon dioxide
Organelle : specialized organism with a specialized function inside of the cell
Xylem : transport tissue in vascular plants
Phloem : transports organic compounds
H2O : water
ATP : light energy
Photosynthesis : process plants use to make food
Cellular respiration : creates carbon dioxide, one of the inputs for photosynthesis
Chlorophyll : organelle essential in photosynthesis that allows plants to absorb light

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https://youtu.be/xMSNBlCX8LA
Upbeat song with catchy lyrics that will help you remember the process of photosynthesis.

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https://www.centralia.edu/academics/bioscience/courses/bota110/outlines/classification.html
This website describes the kingdoms and classifications of plantae.

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What choice is NOT an input of photosynthesis?
A. ATP
B. Oxygen
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Water

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Matter, is what makes up all physical substances. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Two types of energy are potential and kinetic energy. Potential energy occurs when an object has potential due to its position. Kinetic energy is energy in motion. These two differing energies coincide and can occur one after another. Matter has five states that include solids, liquids, and gases.

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Kinetic energy : energy that is in motion
Potential energy : potential for energy to be to flow due to object position
Matter : any substance that has mass and takes up space
Energy : cannot be destroyed or created
Solids : particles packed tightly together
Liquids : particles that have more kinetic energy than a solid substance
Gases : particles with a high amount of kinetic energy
Plasma : highly charged particles with a even high amount of kinetic energy
Sublimation : a solid directly converted to a gas

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https://youtu.be/TitrRpMUt0I
This video shows the relation of matter and energy to an ecosystem.

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https://www.livescience.com/46506-states-of-matter.html
This website describes the five states of matter in depth and explains energy.

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What can Energy NOT do?
A. Be created
B. Change into different form of energy
C. Move organisms
D. Play a part in photosynthesis

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Ecology is the study of organisms relations to other organisms and their ecosystem. There are many levels of ecosystems, communities and populations that are studied in relation to ecology. This area of science allows us to understand how different organisms affect Earth. There are biotic and abiotic factors that pertain to ecology. These factors can drastically reduce another organisms species population or  improve an organisms population. Abiotic factors are non living parts of the environment; Biotic factors are living parts of the environment. Biotic factors may include predation, disease and competition.

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Biotic factors : living factors that affect an environment
Abiotic factors : non-living factors that affect an environment
Ecology : study of organisms in relation to their ecosystem
Predation : animals preying on other animals
Competition : organisms competing for the same food source
Ecosystems : a community and it’s habitat
Environment : conditions surrounding a living organism
Habitat : place an organism lives
Community :  all organisms of different species living within the same habitat
Population : amount of organisms in a certain area/ecosystem

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https://youtu.be/GlnFylwdYH4
This video contains examples for both factors and gives a more in depth explanation of the study of ecology.

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https://www.esa.org/esa/education-and-diversity/what-does-ecology-have-to-do-with-me/
This website explains the role of ecology in our lives and gives an explanation of different ways it can help us if we use ecology.

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What is Ecology?
A. The study of organisms
B. The study of relations between organisms
C. The study of environments
D. The study of organisms relationships between other organisms and their environments

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There are 11 major organ systems in the human body. These organ systems include circulatory,  respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, endocrine and immune systems. These systems  working together are fundamental to survive. The heart is a major vessel that pumps blood to the rest of the body. The different arteries, ventricles and valves in the heart work together to make the blood flow. The aorta is the main artery in the heart that gives oxygenated blood cells to the body. The brain consists of 4 lobes and two cortexes. The lobes are temporal, parietal, occipital, and frontal. The cortexes are memory and sensory.

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Parietal lobe : touch and sensory information
Temporal lobe : understanding of speech
Occipital lobe : visual processing center
Frontal lobe : voluntary movement
Aorta : supplies oxygenated blood to the circulatory system
Mitral valve : transports blood from left atrium to left ventricle
Tricuspid valve : prevents back flow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium
Left ventricle : pumps oxygenated blood to tissues
Inferior vena cava : vein carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart from lower body
Superior vena cava : bien carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart from the upper body

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https://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/bodysystems/
This video gives a brief explanation on the 11 body systems.

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https://www.livestrong.com/article/119869-list-body-systems/
This website gives a brief explanation on the different body systems.

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What vein leads deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lower body?
A. Superior vena cava
B. Inferior vena cava
C. Pulmonary semilunar
D. Mitral valve

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Unit 1 : Scientific Method

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Unit 2 : Cell Structure and Function

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Unit 3 : Cell Transport and Water Properties

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Unit 4 : Mitosis and Meiosis

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Unit 5 : DNA and Protein Synthesis

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Unit 6 : Genetics and Biotechnology

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Unit 7 : Evolution

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Unit 8 : Plants

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Unit 9 : Matter and Energy

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Unit 10 : Ecology

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Unit 11 : Human Body Systems

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Prokaryotic cells... ?
A. Contain nucleuses.
B. Are unicellular.
C. Are the same as plant cells.
D. Can have membrane bound organelles.

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The biggest difference between animal and plant cells is...? (There are two answers)
A. Chlorophyll
B. Cell wall
C. Mitochondria
D. Golgi Apparatus

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How many types of cell transport are there?
A. Three
B. Five
C. Four
D. Two

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What is a semi-permeable membrane?
A. A membrane that only water can go through
B. A membrane that only carbon dioxide can go through
C. A membrane that only allows certain substances through

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What is the third step of the cell division process?
A. Anaphase
B. Telophase
C. Metaphase
D. Prophase

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In what phase do spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes that are aligned in the middle?
A. Anaphase
B. Telophase
C. Prophase
D. Metaphase

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Where does the process “Protein Synthesis” begin?
A. In the ribosome
B. On the RNA
C. In the Nucleus

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What acid turns into the protein?
A. Ribonucleic acid
B. Deoxyribonucleic acid
C. Chain of amino acids
D. Hydrochloric acid

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What are Genetics ?
A. Genetically inherited traits
B. Form of science
C. GMOs

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What was the first genetically engineered animal?
A. Bunny
B. Sheep
C. Mouse

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What is Evolution?
A. A law
B. High population
C. A theory

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What is a trait?
A. Adapted characteristics
B. Factor in geographic isolation
C. Something that occurs every few generations

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Are plants eukaryotes or prokaryotes ?
A. Prokaryotes
B. Eukaryotes

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What process do plants use to make food?
A. Asexual reproduction
B. Cellular respiration
C. Photosynthesis

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What is Kinetic energy?
A. Energy in motion
B. Energy that is not in motion
C. Energy in a process

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How many various states does matter have?
A. Four
B. Six
C. Three
D. Five

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What are biotic factors ?
A. Non-living
B. Living

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What is the best example of an abiotic factor?
A. Storms destroying an ecosystem
B. Climate change due to humans
C. Littering by humans

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What does the temporal lobe do?
A. Memory
B. Sensory
C. Understanding of speech
D. Touch

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What valve connects the left ventricle to the left atrium?
A. Tricuspid valve
B. Pulmonary semilunar valve
C. Inferior vena cave
D. Mitral valve

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Question 1 is B.
Question 2 is A and B.
Question 3 is D.
Question 4 is C.
Question 5 is A.
Question 6 is D.
Question 7 is C.
Question 8 is C.
Question 9 is A.
Question 10 is B.
Question 11 is C.
Question 12 is A.
Question 13 is B.
Question 14 is C.
Question 15 is A.
Question 16 is D.
Question 17 is B.
Question 18 is A.
Question 19 is C.
Question 20 is D.