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President Obama and natural racial biases (Amber)

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President Obama and natural racial biases (Amber)

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Many of the issues that you saw with Obama in terms of objections to him, questions about where he was born, is a reflection of aversive racism, where a black person in that position of power can’t be legitimate in that position of power. And so you look for reasons to try to devalue or get rid of that person.
The other thing is that many of his policies have been opposed in ways that are much more virulent than many other presidents. And I think it’s in part because those negative racial attitudes get expressed, get channeled in a way that has a higher intensity.

“Speaking of Psychology: Understanding Your Racial Biases.” American Psychological Association, 2018 American Psychological Association , www.apa.org/research/action/speaking-of-psychology/understanding-biases.aspx.

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Police (and individual races as well) not interacting with minority community

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Police (and individual races as well) not interacting with minority community

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One of the problems with aversive racism that I mentioned before is that you actually avoid the group and you avoid the group because they make you uncomfortable and you can, therefore, maintain the stereotypes of the group. If you have a lot of interaction with members of the group, then you no longer think about people as being a member of that group, primarily. You think about them as individuals. And so, you haven’t really gotten rid of the implicit bias, but you’ve been able to fine tune the way you interact with many people. You just dial up a broader array of repertoire of being able to interact with people and understand them. [from Professor John Dovidio]

Police officers today are in a car that has so much electronics, that they don’t have to get out of their cars. Someone even told me – I don’t even know whether this is actually true, but I bet it is – that there’s more electronics, high-powered electronics in the average police car today than there was in our first space [ships]. So what that means is the police officers are in the car and don’t interact with the community and the community sees the police officers as distant and powerful over them. And you can’t be an effective police officer unless you have the trust and cooperation of the community. So what they’ve tried to do now, and we’ve recommended this in several places, was to get the police officer out of the car, just as you said before, to meet people as individuals. To be able to distinguish one from another and therefore not overreact. [from Professor John Dovidio]

“Speaking of Psychology: Understanding Your Racial Biases.” American Psychological Association, 2018 American Psychological Association , www.apa.org/research/action/speaking-of-psychology/understanding-biases.aspx.

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Episodes involving "racial profiling" and law enforcement came to a head last year with evidence that New Jersey state troopers were much more likely to pull over black or Hispanic drivers on suspicion that they had been involved in criminal activity, simply because of their race. After an investigation by the US Justice Department, the state last month agreed to end the practice - a step federal officials expect will influence other jurisdictions.
In a related incident this week, a federal appeals court upheld a $245,000 verdict against two police officers in Torrance, Calif., who stopped a car with three teenagers, two of whom are black.

"For no good reason, two police officers stopped their car without probable cause or reasonable suspicion, conducted an illegal search of the vehicle, and used degrading and excessive force...," the court said in its unanimous ruling.

Review: Having a gap between different races are part of our social norm. The idea of racial profiling has a very widespread effect all across America but it is quite a common amongst white police officers. Police officers are mistakenly arresting innocent black people based off the color of their skin and simply assuming a crime.

Knickerbocker, Brad. "New Face of Racism in America. (Cover Story)." Christian Science Monitor, vol. 92, no. 37, 14 Jan. 2000, p. 1. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mih&AN=2679041&site=ehost-live.

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Researchers used eye-tracking technology to observe preschool teachers look for "challenging behaviors" in a series of videos portraying four children in typical classroom settings. While none of the children were misbehaving, participants spent significantly longer looking at the black children, especially boys.
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The latest US Department of Education report shows that black preschoolers are 3.6-times as likely as their white peers to receive school suspensions, Stacy Teicher Khadaroo reported for The Christian Science Monitor earlier this month
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While black children accounted for 19 percent of all preschool children in the 2013-2014 academic year, they made up 47 percent of those who received suspensions, as The Washington Post reported.
In addition to the eye-tracking portion of the study, researchers presented participants with a short written scenario with one of four names to imply the race and gender of a hypothetical child: Latoya, Emily, DeShawn, or Jake. The scenario described challenging classroom behavior, then summarized the child's "turbulent" home life.
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Jason Okonofua, who completed a Stanford University study last year that predicts black students will be punished more harshly due toimplicit biases, said teachers must see themselves as capable of growing.

"Try not to think of yourself as a fixed character in the same way that you should not try to think of your students as fixed characters," Dr. Okonofua said, as the Greater Good Science Center at the University of California, Berkeley reported. "Rather, think of yourself as a growing person who needs to put in effort and practice to contend with influences of stereotypes."

Steven Porter, Staff. "Yale Study Finds Implicit Racial Bias in Preschool Teachers." Christian Science Monitor, 29 Sept. 2016. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mih&AN=118423554&site=ehost-live.

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During the time when TKAM was written, racial bias was very overt and very public, however, racism today comes through a more subtle and discreet way, despite it still being a significant problem.

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Legal desegregation vs. Social integration (Amber)

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Legal desegregation vs. Social integration (Amber)

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For example, 93 percent of whites surveyed in 1997 said they would vote for a qualified black presidential candidate, compared with 35 percent in 1958. The number of whites who say they would move if large numbers of blacks moved to their neighborhood dropped from 80 percent to 18 percent over the same period.
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The fundamental reason for such lingering racism, says Leonard Steinhorn, professor of communication at American University in Washington, is that Dr. King's "dream" had two fundamental parts: legal desegregation and social integration.

The first part has largely been achieved through legislation and government policy; the second, more difficult part - Mr. Steinhorn calls it "matters of heart, home, neighborhood, and community" - has yet to be accomplished.

Review: From the perspective of many white people, racism, for the most part, has decreased greatly in America. However, to most black people, the discrimination still persists. Surveyed black people encountered racially biased situations when shopping, eating out, and using public transportation very regularly. For example, Florida officials have charged a Miami restaurant owner for charging extra for service charge to black customers and not to white customers. Another example would be the Adam's Mark hotel chain charged for raising the cost of inferior rooms for black patrons and giving them harsher security requirements.

Knickerbocker, Brad. "New Face of Racism in America. (Cover Story)." Christian Science Monitor, vol. 92, no. 37, 14 Jan. 2000, p. 1. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mih&AN=2679041&site=ehost-live.

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Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird. Grand Central Publishing, 2010.

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How is racial bias displayed throughout TKAM and how is it affecting our world today?

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The Negroes, having waited for the white people to go upstairs, began to come in. "Whoa now, just a minute," said a club member, holding up his walking stick.

Page 218
...
The Colored balcony ran along the three walls of the courtroom like a second-story veranda.

Page 219

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Referring to African-Americans as 'them'* (Amber)

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Referring to African-Americans as 'them'* (Amber)

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"Anything fit to say at the table's fit to say in front of Calpurnia. She knows what she means to this family."
"I don't think it's a good habit, Atticus. It encourages them. You know how they talk among themselves. Everything that happens in this town's out to the Quarters before sundown."

Page 209, 210

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"You know, it's a funny thing about Braxton," said Atticus. "He despises Negroes, won't have one near him."
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She waited until Calpurnia was in the kitchen, then she said, "Don't talk like that in front of them."
"Talk like what in front of whom? he [Atticus] asked.
"Like that in front of Calpurnia. You said Braxton Underwood despises Negroes right in front of her."
"Well, I'm sure Cal knows it. Everybody in Maycomb knows it."

Page 209

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"... you've got to do something about her," Aunty was saying. "You've let things go on too long, Atticus, too long."

Page 182

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Cecil Jacobs made me forget. He had announced in the schoolyard the day before that Scout Finch's daddy defended niggers. I denied it but told Jem.

Page 99

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"Jem," I asked, "what's a mixed child?"
"Half white, half colored. You've seen 'em, Scout. You know that red-kinky-headed one that delivers for the drugstore. He's half white. They're real sad."
"Sad, how come?"
"They don't belong anywhere. Colored folks won't have 'em because they're half white; white folks won't have 'em 'cause they're colored, so they're just in-betweens, don't belong anywhere. But Mr. Dolphus, now, they say he's shipped two of his up north. They don't mind 'em up north. Yonder's one of 'em."

Page 215

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At the First Purchase African M.E. Church* (Amber)

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At the First Purchase African M.E. Church* (Amber)

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Lula stopped, but she said, "You ain't got no business bringin' white chillun here--they got their church, we got our'n. It is our church, ain't it, Miss Cal?"

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