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Urban metropolis was a nickname for Manchester because it was a big industry

The population greatly increased by almost 70,000 in around 50 years

Manchester was terrible for living as there was a lot of garbage,

Migrants working at cotton plantations

Due to the rapid population increase Manchester become unhealthy to live

Water quality greatly decreased due to pollution

Manchester supplied clean water from longendale

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1. Manchester was mainly built upon the cotton industry.

2. Urban metropolis was a nick name for Manchester, due to it being the center of the cotton industry.

3. Despite Manchester being praised by many for being the best place to live, it couldn’t guarantee jobs, as cotton shortages can affect their labor.

4. Manchester also didn’t have clean sewer systems or water, further proving that it wasn’t a good place to live.

5. On m ay 23 1886 2 cotton warehouses caught on fire, leading to the death of a fireman.

6. Another major industry in Manchester was coal .

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History of Manufacturing in Manchester - Lokkit Sanjay Babu Narayanan

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History of Manufacturing in Manchester - Lokkit Sanjay Babu Narayanan

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- The Textile industry had three major components/technologies which played a major role in setting up an industry this size.
- The three technologies are the Flying Shuttle ( weaves cloth), Steam Engine (powered all electrical devices), and the mass production of Iron (stronger construction materials).
- Manchester was the most productive center of cotton Production in the world for a time.
- Due to the need for Transportation Infrastructure, Canals and Railroads were built to and from Manchester from all parts of England.
- Manchester's Economic system was built on Laissez-faire ideology.
- By 1853, there were over 108 cotton manufacturing mills in Manchester alone, and over 65% of the world's cotton was processed there.
- Coal and the by-products of coal provided Manchester with the room to grow in size.

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This is a picture from 1870s Manchester, with smoke coming from the factories.

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Pollution  and Smoke in the City of Manchester: Natalie Grant

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Pollution  and Smoke in the City of Manchester: Natalie Grant

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At one point Manchester has 2000 smoking chimneys from factories. The steam power caused this smoke and lead to air pollution in the city.

Coal was the main fuel during the  industrial revolution. Factories needed steam engines to help get the heat energy from the coal.

The smoke in these factories Lucan cause great health risks like respiratory and heart diseases.

In Manchester there were people that wanted solutions to the pollution. They were called Anti Air Pollution activists.

Gas powered engines produce a lot less smoke then coal powered ones. Many people pushed for gas engines in Manchester.

The citizens of Manchester finally got to breathe clean air due to the Clean Air Act. This act created smoke free zones lowering the pollution rate.

The long term affects of burning coal were discovered by Charles Babbage in 1835, the coal made large amounts of carbon dioxide in the air.

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This is a silk woven portrait of Joseph-Marie Jacquard who invented the Jacquard loom. 

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1) Jacquard was a French weaver and merchant who patented his invention, the Jacquard loom, in 1804.

2) This machine made it easy to manufacture complex and detailed patterns at a fast pace with unskilled workers, saving time, money, and resources.

3) By the 1820s, the Jacquard loom had spread to Britain where it significantly improved the textiles industry.

4) Jacquard's invention used interchangeable cards with small holes punched in them that held instructions for weaving a pattern. This took away the job of the draw boy.

5) As a result, Jacquard looms could reproduce any pattern that a designer could think of and replicate it repeatedly without error and quickly.

6) His invention lead to the decline in the cost of fashionable and patterned clothing because it could now be mass-produced and be sold to a wider market of consumers.

7) This device was used for years to come, having been manufactured until the 1980s, showing its great significance in the industry.

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Adeel Chaudhry - SLUMS AND SUBURBS: WATER AND SANITATION IN THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL CITY

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Adeel Chaudhry - SLUMS AND SUBURBS: WATER AND SANITATION IN THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL CITY

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- Manchester was one of the filthiest. overcrowded and overall unhealthy place in Britain
- Average age of death was 17
- Many different diseases such as typhoid, dysentery, and cholera
- Not many houses had piped water supply
- Population skyrocketed from 60,000 to 142,000 in under half a century
- Rivers were very contaminated thus leading to undrinkable water
- Drew a lot of visitors

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John Dalton and Color blindness - Chris Collins

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John Dalton and Color blindness - Chris Collins

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John Dalton was a chemist in Manchester who had and studied color blindness

1.)  John Dalton had the first description of the condition color blindness, that was named Daltonism.

2.)  John Dalton used everyday objects as reference points during his studies.

3.) John Dalton color blindness was called deuteranopia or in simple terms red-green color blindness

4.) John Dalton’s jelly-like part of his eye was tinted blue that would act as a filter.

5.) In one of John Dalton’s studies he used a piece of red sealing wax and a photographic filter.

6.) John Dalton’s first account of color vision was given to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1794.

7.) When John Dalton died when a doctor did an autopsy on John Daltons eye it was “perfectly colourless”.

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Portrait of Richard Arkwright by Joseph Wright of Derby, 1790

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RICHARD ARKWRIGHT: FATHER OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM

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RICHARD ARKWRIGHT: FATHER OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM

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Sri Ram Saravana

Richard Arkwright was born in 1732 in Preston, he was born to a poor family.

He had a hair cutting and wig making company prior to his invention.

Richard Arkwright was the creator of the spinning wheel.

He created the spinning wheel with the help of John Kay who was a skilled clockmaker.

The spinning wheel produced cotton yarn faster than hand.

He used water to power the wheels, he had at first thought that horses could power it.

He took many manufacturer to court for using his patented wheel, but they argued that he had copied the idea from someone else, and he lost the patents.

Many people were able to work at his factories without needing much knowledge on how to do anything.

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Manchester’s Rapid Rise In Population - Alex Amodio

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Manchester’s Rapid Rise In Population - Alex Amodio

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People started to rapidly enter Manchester due It’s extremely successful textiles trade which was causing the town to grow into an industrial powerhouse.

Manchester soon had migrants coming in the thousands to work in the large cotton mills.

With all the migrants moving into Manchester the population skyrocketed, the population of Manchester went from 60,000 people in the year 1800 to 142,000 people in the year 1842.

The city was unprepared for the it’s sudden explosion in residence and consequently the environmental conditions of Manchester soon began to fall.

Manchester was soon making a name for itself as an extremely unsanitary, unhealthy, and overcrowded place.

The new living and health problems Manchester faced caused life expectancy in the city rapidly drop and the death rates to quickly climb.

The Manchester Statistical Society produced information on the life expectancy in Manchester and the information expressed that the average life expectancy for the laborers of the city was at 17 years of age.

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Manika Vaidya: Manchester- Rags to Riches (Ancoats)

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Manika Vaidya: Manchester- Rags to Riches (Ancoats)

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Ancoats was an essential location in the industrial city of Manchester

Ancoats was a major part of the cotton-spinning industry, and also had other textile mills

The cotton factories that once existed are now being transformed into new apartments

There were many canals attached to Ancoats, and this was very beneficial to ship goods and trade

Many houses in the 1800’s lacked a plumbing system, and this contributed to a cholera outbreak

Victoria Square tenements where the first municipal housing to exist, and it still can be seen in Ancoats today

Around the 1960’s, there was a major industrial decline in Manchester that caused Ancoats cotton-spinning industry to diminish

Many old artifacts and buildings in Ancoats are still preserved today, but many renovations were made to make it livable and appealing

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How Manchester’s population is affected by several factors during the Industrial Revolution

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Penelope Chen- Manchester: Slums and Suburbs

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Penelope Chen- Manchester: Slums and Suburbs

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1. Only 11,000 out of the 47,000 homes in Manchester had access to a piped water supply in 1847

1. 12,000 households used a shared pipe or a standpipe that was placed in the streets

2. Other homes often relied on polluted shallow wells/streams to supply their water

2. Privy maddens (“restrooms”) could be shared/used by up to 30 people and were rarely emptied, thus contributing to Manchester’s water pollution

3. Manchester’s eagerly sewage system was inefficient in helping to prevent further water contamination

1. Helped dispose of polluted water that only lied on the surface

4. Manchester’s sewage systems/regulations still polluted the water as untreated waste seeped into its waters

5. Its industries and manufacturing businesses polluted Manchester’s waters even more since workers would often dump the factory’s waste into rivers

6. The Great Flood of 1872 was the result of a series of floods that were caused from the buildup of waste in Manchester’s waterways

7. The Manchester Corporation successfully carried out the first step in regards to supplying Manchester with cleanser water from Longdendale

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This is a picture of the Richard Arkwright’s first prototype of the water frame.

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* Richard Arkwright came up with the idea to create a spinning wheel to fix the ongoing demands for cloth and yarn

* He was a businessman who was determined to make a living out of spinning cotton similar to his other businesses, barbering and wig making

* The purpose was to produce cotton yarn faster; it was another simple machine that led to other inventions that significantly improved the efficiency of textile production

*The spinning wheel was better than the hand spinners which was very slow at producing yarn

* Arkwright created the first spinning wheel prototype  with John Kay’s assistance

* The machine was initially going to be powered by horses but was then changed to water power which gave it the common name, water frame

* With his successful invention, he created a business out of the water. Hundreds of men and women were able to work in his factories because these machines required little to no skill to run it

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Arya Patel - Manchester Water Conditions 

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Arya Patel - Manchester Water Conditions 

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Since the population explosion happened rapidly, environmental conditions degraded with the inability to fix them. Manchester was filthy, crowded, and unsafe.

In 1847, of the 47,000 houses in the town, only 11,000 had a piped water supply. Thousands more drew their water from streams, which were often polluted.

Ceramic carbon water filters could be used in homes to remove bacteria from water, but only some families could afford it.

Streets and housing were packed. Privy middens were shared between dozens of families and rarely emptied, causing waste to seep into watercourses and overflow into streets. Plumbed toilets did exist but they discharged directly into the town’s rivers.

Many factories dumped sewage directly into rivers (as shown in the image)

Manufacturers resisted attempts to control river pollution, claiming that it would cause economic damage. It would actually only lower their production and profit.

Waste also increased flooding; River Irwell was so polluted that the water levels were rising about 3 inches a year.

So the filth waste got dumped into the rivers, and those same rivers were the direct source of water for homes.

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unchecked growth led to environmental conditions to rapidly degrade

putting the average age of death for all the laboring population at 17

The effects of Manchester caused pollution in the city

The center of the worlds cotton industry, turned Manchester  into “urban metropolis”

Most of Manchester was built of cotton

Liverpool and Manchester railway was opened in 1830

Many of the houses didn’t have clean water

Diseases like typhoid spread quickly, the town was hint badly by different outbreak in 1832 and 1849

There was no working sewage system, which means all the waste was on the streets and in town rivers

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution In the Industrial City- Joash Abraham

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution In the Industrial City- Joash Abraham

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The early stages of the industrial revolution caused serious pollution related issues in Manchester city.

Many different industries such as cotton, and coal used factories that dispersed the pollution into the atmosphere.

Some of the long lasting effects of the pollution included dark skies, dirty homes and clothes.

There were also the health risks such as increased mortality and respirator disease.

Steam engines harvested heat energy from coal.The burning of coal spread CO2, ash, and water vapor.

Just more than 2.5 micrometers of these coal particles may have been a deadly threat to citizens.

Ani-pollution activists said that smoke showed the loss profits because smoke and soot can be produced even though the coal isn’t fully burned

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The worlds first railway was between Manchester and Liverpool

The railway was used for travel and goods

The railway was used as a safer alternative to the coaches and wagons that often crashed

It was also more time consuming to take canals then railways

The railroad was proposed in 1824 by George Stephenson

Many land owners didn’t want the railroad to take away from their land so they hired thugs to attack the builders

The railway was finished on April 6th 1826

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Polluted streets and horrible living conditions

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Slums and Suburbs: Water and Sanitation in the first Industrial city

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Slums and Suburbs: Water and Sanitation in the first Industrial city

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Santhosh Divyakolu

Manchester’s population exploded from 60,000 in 1800s, to 142,000 inhabitants by 1842. These population explosions led to environmental conditions to degrade at a fast pace, slowly getting worse as urban migration continued to increase.

Manchester was one of the most filthy, overcrowded, and unsanitary places in all of Britain. The average age of death for the laboring population was at 17 years old by just 1837. Death rates were at an all time high, while life expectancies were substantially low.

Disease spread rapidly, such as typhoid, dysentery, and during 1831 to 1849, horrible outbreaks of cholera was rapidly spreading.

In 1847, only 11,000 homes out of the 47,000 had a piped water supply. Another 12,000 had to share tap or standpipe in the streets. Thousands more went towards wells or streams. These streams and wells were also very polluted.

Human waste went into watercourses and into the streets. Toilets that connected to drains discharged directly into the towns rivers, ultimately polluting drinkable water even more rapidly.

By 1860s, River Irwell was so polluted that it rose at a rate of about 3 inches a year. In 1872, a series of floods occurred during the Great Flood of 1872.

1851, because of the industrial Manchester’s expansion, the city was in demand for clean water, and it only got worse. Water from Longdendale allowed Manchester Corporation to extend pipes of water around the city.

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SLUMS AND SUBURBS: WATER AND SANITATION IN THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL CITY

Major of population growth in Manchester from 1800 to 1842

Growth of 82,000 people

Population growth led environmental conditions to rapidly degrade

Manchester known for one of the most filthy, overcrowded and unhealthy places in Britain

Average age of death was 17 years old for laborers

From 1832 to 1849 there were many deadly outbreaks like cholera

In 1847 out of 47,000 homes, only 11,000 heads a piped water supply

12,000 homes used a shared tap or standpipe in the street

The few plumbed toilettes connected to drains which discharged directly into the town’s rivers

This led to many diseases and deaths 🥲

In the Great Flood of 1782 the rivers Irwell,  Medlock and Irk all overflowed their banks

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1. By 1849, Ancoats, had explosively developed from and unremarkable hamlet in a large and popular industrial district.

2. Ancoats was the heart of Manchester, the worlds first industrial city.

3. People used to believe that encasing a shoe in your building will protect occupiers and would bring good luck.

4. Many factories such as Murrays’ Mills were renovated into apartments more recently.

5. The textile miles of Ancoats attracted vast amounts of engineers who were needed in order to create a system of fueling and other machinery for the cotton factories.

6. Lots of factories and other working areas were set up right by the canal on purpose.

7. Over half of the houses in Ancoats did not have nay sort of plumbing.

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Conditions in Manchester

As the population in Manchester increased, there was a demand for clean water

The water was unclean and unsanitary

During this Industrial Revolution, the industry and factory growth increased, the environmental conditions in the cities also decreased

There was also an increased population due to the number of migrants coming from suburb areas

The city became known as filthy and overpopulated

Diseases spread due to the unsanitary conditions

Manchester also had poor infrastructure

Many of the houses did not have a pipped and clean water supply and their water was often polluted

There was no working sewage system which meant that all of the waste would be on the streets and in the town rivers

Rivers became polluted with waste and other harmful things

There was an engineering project in 1885 - 1894 which finally allowed for water to enter the city

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Water and Sanitation in Manchester - Anirudh Prodduturu

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Water and Sanitation in Manchester - Anirudh Prodduturu

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Manchester gained a reputation of being one of the filthiest, most overcrowded, and unhealthy places in Britain

The average age of death for the laboring population was just 17!

Diseases like typhoid, dysentery, and cholera

Only 11000 of the 47000 houses had a piped water supply

The textile industry is one of the most polluting industries

Manchester grew from a population of 60000 to 142000 in just 42 years

The rivers in Manchester were EXTREMELY contaminated and hazardous to drink out of

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SLUMS AND SUBURBS: WATER AND SANITATION IN THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL CITY:

-Water is a fundamental aspect to life.

-Manchester gained a huge reputation to be one of the most filthy, overcrowded and unhealthy places in Britain.

-Diseases like typhoid and dysentery spread really quickly the town was badly hit by different outbreaks in 1832 and 1849.

-A French aristocrat Alexis de Tocqueville visited Manchester in 1832

-He witnessed the paradox of their economic expansion and the environmental deterioration

-Manchester’s towering cotton mills and warehouses had created a new urban environment

-Visitors flocked there to see a vision of the future

-Society published different data on the life expectancy of the cities inhabitants

-Putting the average age of death for all the laboring population at 17

-Manchester’s unchecked growth led to environmental conditions to rapidly degrade

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Coal was one of the dominant sources of energy in Manchester during the 19th century

The effect of the poor air quality was noticed by contemporary observers because of the toll that it had taken on human health

The people of Manchester started to have coughs, stinging eyes, and a gloom on their faces which showed how much smoke was in the air

Coal powered steam machines powered most of the cotton mills when demand for cotton was at a high, so this caused the air to be filled with coal smoke

This pollution in the air was known as ‘the smoke nuisance’

The first cotton mill that was steam powered was built in 1782 by Richard Arkwright, and this was the beginning of the air pollution in Manchester

The effects of the coal smoke include immediate human health risk which can lead to heart and respiratory diseases

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-08/26/1856 the world’s first synthetic dye was patented by
-William Henry Perkin
-He was a research chemist and was sent to work as August Wilhelmina von Hofmann’s research assistant.
-Hofmann wanted to develop synthetic form of quinine (drug made to use against malaria).
-Perkin was to carry out experiments by using a substance called aniline ( colorless aromatic oil derived from coal tar).
-The experiment needed to to oxidize aniline using potassium dichromate.
-The oxidization created black precipitate, so when the color was removed it dyed the silk purple.
-He recorded what happened in a notebooks that’s now in a museum
-The color was named mauve and the synthetic dye was called mauveine
-it was the world first synthetic dye and was the first to be mass-produced

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The effects of Manchester caused pollution in the city.

The pollution caused health problems and diseases.

The primary source of the air-pollution was the burning fossil fuels (coal).

Coal was introduced in the 19th century as a source of energy for the powering industry.

The burning of coal led to poor air-quality and many consequences.

Chimney and steam-powered cotton mills were aspects of the pollution and smoke.

Workers and the people of Manchester were having trouble in the awful living conditions.

These conditions led most people to have respiratory diseases and deaths.

However, according to most people the smoke led to a successful industry and economic success.

The chimneys that created smoke meant jobs for the factory workers and other people.

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- Center of the worlds cotton industry; turned Manchester into an “urban metropolis”

- Manchester was the first industrial city and was nicknamed “Cottonopolis”

- Charter Street Ragged School lent the students who couldn’t afford shoes a pair of clogs to help the families save money

- Work wasn’t guaranteed in Manchester because cotton shortages could affect the amount of labor needed in mills.

- Liverpool and Manchester railway was opened in 1830. Willian Huskinson died the day it opened by being run over

- May 23 1866 2 adjacent cotton warehouses caught on fire and left one casualty, a fireman.

- Manchester did not have clean water or a sewage system to keep garbage contained and critters away from homes.

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Life during the Industrial Revolution by Siyaana 

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Life during the Industrial Revolution by Siyaana 

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By early 19th century, Manchester was becoming much more known for its textiles trade which was turning into the towns industrial powerhouse.

Manchesters population started to grow from 60,000 in 1800 to 142,000 by 1842, all of these new people migrating caused environmental conditions to change and become worse.

Manchester had gained a reputation of filthy, overpopulated, and an unhealthy place in Britain.

Deaths increased and the average death for the laboring population was just 17.

There’s were a bunch of diseases that came to the city as well, typhoid and dysentery spread so rapidly and there were eventually outbreaks of cholera in 1832 and 1849.

Most people needed water, most of the water that the lower classes got were contaminated. The sanitation was also just as bad. Out if 47,000 houses only 11,000 has piped water supply. Other 12,000 homes relied on shared tap water or water from the streets. Thousands more got their water from wells and streams which were usually polluted.

Most water was contaminated because lower classes and most housing did not have plumbed toilets, the ones that did connected to drains that let go of waste into the towns rivers. People also did drink from those rivers for water which led to different diseases and sicknesses that caused some deaths as well.

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Here’s a graph of how the cotton supply over the year increases. 

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-A lot of Manchester is built off of cotton
- Many textiles were built for mills across the world. The North West’s landscape and culture were the base of a lot of textile heritage that is used today in our current day world.
-A simple world innovation like a pair of child sized clogs impacted so much of this revolution.
Charter Street Ragged was a charity that funded those who were in capable of needs