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Brown vs. Board of Education     (May 17, 1954)

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Brown vs. Board of Education     (May 17, 1954)

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Cause/Background: The biggest thing that led to this event was when the NAACP started to work hard to challenge the Jim Crow Laws in public schools. When Chief justice Fred M. Vinson died, Dwight Eisenhower took his place and allowed the Brown v. Board of Education to be heard in court. Fred Vinson didn't allow this movement to take place in court because he still had the opinion that the Plessy verdict should stand.
Event: On May 17, 1954, the governor of California Earl Warren stated, "In this field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place as segregated schools are "inherently unequal." After governor Warren issued this, the Court stated that the NAACP was deprived of their right guaranteed by the 14th amendment.
Impact/Importance: The Brown v. Board of Education helped by establishing an example of "separate-but-equal" education and other services to impact and change services that weren't equal at all.
Link: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka

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Rosa Parks                                                      (December 1, 1955) 

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Rosa Parks                                                      (December 1, 1955) 

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Cause/Background: At the time, segregation was written into law so the front of the bus was reserved for white people and the rest was for black people.
Event: On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was coming home from her work at the Montgomery Fair department. She refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama and was arrested.
Impact/Importance: After Rosa Parks and Nixon got together to talk about the segregation laws, the black population of Montgomery would boycott the buses on Monday, December 5 (Rosa Parks' trial). To inform people about the boycott, 35,000 flyers were made and sent home with African-American schoolstudents.
Link: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/rosa-parks

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Cause/Background: On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court ruled segregation of public schools unconstitutional after the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka meeting occurred. Some states still had mandatory Jim Crow Laws so the court issued a second decision in 1955. This decision ordered school districts to integrate with all deliberate speed.
Event: On September 4, 1957, a group of nine Black students called Little Rock Nine was escorted by federal troops to a formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus, called in the National Guards on the first day because he didn't want the Black students to enter the high school. Later on that month, is when President Eisenhower sent in the federal troops to escort them.
Impact/Importance: Little Rock Nine would go on to be acknowledged for their significant role in the Civil Rights Movement.
Link: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/central-high-school-integration#desegregation-of-scho

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Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act    (September 9, 1957)

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Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act    (September 9, 1957)

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Cause/Background: The event of Little Rock Nine, and many others, led to President Eisenhower's decision to sign the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
Event: On September 9, 1957, President Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act in order to protect voter rights. The Civil Rights Act allows federal prosecution of people who suppress another's right to vote.
Impact/Importance: The first occasion since the federal government undertook significant legislative action to protect civil rights. The Civil Rights Act established the Civil Rights division in the justice department. This gave federal officials the power to prosecute individuals who denied another citizen's right to vote.
Link: http://crdl.usg.edu/events/civil_rights_act_1957/?Welcome

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Cause/Background: The event of Ruby Bridges was also influenced by Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. As a way to enforce the new law in the south, which continued to resist integration, four members of the federal military escorted Ruby to the all-white school.
Event: On November 14, 1960, Ruby Bridges, a six-year-old girl, was escorted by four armed federal marshalls. On this day, Ruby becomes the first student to integrate into William Frantz Elementary School located in New Orleans.
Impact/Importance: The actions of Ruby would further advance the cause of Civil Rights. Over time, more African American students would enroll in all-white schools.
Link: https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/ruby-bridges

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March on Washington and MLK "I have a dream speech" (August 28, 1963)

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March on Washington and MLK "I have a dream speech" (August 28, 1963)

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Cause/Background: In 1941, an elder statesman of the civil rights movement, had previously planned a mass march on Washington to protest Black soldier's exclusion from WWII jobs. However, on the day before the event, FDR met with Randolph and issued an executive order forbidding discrimination against workers known as the FEPC. With the FEPC in place, Randolph called off the march.
Event: On August 28, 1963, as 250,000 people take part in the March on Washington, Martin Luther King Jr. gives his famous "I have a dream" speech. Originally, MLK's "I have a dream" line was never planned in his speech. It occurred when gospel star Mahalia Jackson told MLK to tell the crowd about his dream.
Impact/Importance: Considered a turning point in the Civil Rights Movement, shifting the demand and demonstrations for racial equality that mostly occurred in the south.
Link: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/march-on-washington

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President Lyndon B. Johnson signs Civil Rights Act of 1964 (July 2, 1964)

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President Lyndon B. Johnson signs Civil Rights Act of 1964 (July 2, 1964)

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Cause/Background: When protests popped up throughout the South, police would suppress nonviolent demonstrators with dogs, clubs, and high-pressure fire hoses. In June of 1963, JFK stated that the United States wouldn't be fully free until all of the citizens are free.
Event: On July 2, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act prevented employment discrimination due to race, color, sex, religion, or national origin.
Impact/Importance: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 would influence two major follow-up laws. These laws are the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.
Link: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act

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President Johnson signs Voting Rights Act (August 6, 1965)

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President Johnson signs Voting Rights Act (August 6, 1965)

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Cause/Background: On March 7, 1965, civil rights activists were attacked by Alabama police. This shocked the nation and helped lead to the creation and signing of the Voting Rights Act.
Event: On August 6, 1965, President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act. This act banned the use of literacy tests, provided federal oversight of voter registration, and authorized the US attorney general to investigate poll taxes.
Impact/Importance: Gave African American voters the legal means to challenge voting restrictions and vastly improved voter turnout.
Link: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/voting-rights-a

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Martin Luther King Jr. assassination (April 4, 1968)

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Martin Luther King Jr. assassination (April 4, 1968)

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Cause/Background: Spring of 1968, MLK and SCLC members were called to Memphis, Tennessee. The night of April 3, King gave a speech at the Mason Temple Church in Memphis where he seemed to foreshadow his own untimely passing.
Event: On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on the balcony of his hotel room in Memphis, Tennessee by a man named James Earl Ray who was convicted in 1969.
Impact/Importance: MLK's assassination radicalized many moderate African American activists which would improve the growth of the Black Power movement and the Black Panther Party.
Link: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/martin-luther-king-jr-assassination

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President Johnson signs the Fair Housing Act (April 11, 1968)

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President Johnson signs the Fair Housing Act (April 11, 1968)

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Cause/Background: Following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., cities started to riot. With the amount of destruction occurring in every part of the US, President Johnson and Congress leaders passed the Fair Housing Act.
Event: On April 11, 1968, President Johnson signs the Fair Housing Act. This act prohibited discrimination about the selling, renting, and financing of houses based on race, religion, national origin, or sex.
Impact/Importance: The Fair Housing Act was the last major act of legislation of the Civil Rights Movement. This increased the Black population throughout urban centers. In 1988, Congress passed the Fair Housing Amendments Act. This would expand the law by also prohibiting discrimination in housing based on disability or on family status.
Link: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fair-housing-act

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https://www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement/civil-rights-movement-timeline

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The civil rights movement was an organized effort by Black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law. It began in the late 1940s and ended in the late 1960s. Although tumultuous at times, the movement was mostly nonviolent and resulted in laws to protect every American's constitutional rights, regardless of color, race, sex or national origin.

July 26, 1948: President Harry Truman issues Executive Order 9981 to end segregation in the Armed Services.

May 17, 1954: Brown v. Board of Education, a consolidation of five cases into one, is decided by the Supreme Court, effectively ending racial segregation in public schools. Many schools, however, remained segregated.

August 28, 1955: Emmett Till, a 14-year-old from Chicago is brutally murdered in Mississippi for allegedly flirting with a white woman. His murderers are acquitted, and the case bring international attention to the civil rights movement after Jet magazine publishes a photo of Till's beaten body at his open-casket funeral.

December 1, 1955: Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. Her defiant stance prompts a year-long Montgomery bus boycott.

January 10-11, 1957: Sixty Black pastors and civil rights leaders from several southern states-including Martin Luther King, Jr.-meet in Atlanta, Georgia to coordinate nonviolent protests against racial discrimination and segregation.

September 4, 1957: Nine Black students known as the " Little Rock Nine" are blocked from integrating into Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. President Dwight D. Eisenhower eventually sends federal troops to escort the students, however, they continue to be harassed.

September 9, 1957: Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1957 into law to help protect voter rights. The law allows federal prosecution of those who suppress another's right to vote.

February 1, 1960: Four African American college students in Greensboro, North Carolina refuse to leave a Woolworth's "whites only" lunch counter without being served. The Greensboro Four-Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain and Joseph McNeil-were inspired by the nonviolent protest of Gandhi. The Greensboro Sit-In, as it came to be called, sparks similar "sit-ins" throughout the city and in other states.

November 14, 1960: Six-year-oldRuby Bridges is escorted by four armed federal marshals as she becomes the first student to integrate William Frantz Elementary School in New Orleans. Her actions inspired Norman Rockwell's painting The Problem We All Live With (1964).

1961: Throughout 1961, Black and white activists, known as freedom riders, took bus trips through the American South to protest segregated bus terminals and attempted to use "whites-only" restrooms and lunch counters. The Freedom Rides were marked by horrific violence from white protestors, they drew international attention to their cause.

June 11, 1963: Governor George C. Wallace stands in a doorway at the University of Alabama to block two Black students from registering. The standoff continues until President John F. Kennedy sends the National Guard to the campus.

August 28, 1963: Approximately 250,000 people take part in The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Martin Luther King gives his "I Have A Dream" speech as the closing address in front of the Lincoln Memorial, stating, "I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.'"

September 15, 1963: A bomb at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama kills four young girls and injures several other people prior to Sunday services. The bombing fuels angry protests.

July 2, 1964: President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, preventing employment discrimination due to race, color, sex, religion or national origin. Title VII of the Act establishes the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to help prevent workplace discrimination.

February 21, 1965: Black religious leader Malcolm X is assassinated during a rally by members of the Nation of Islam.

March 7, 1965: Bloody Sunday. In the Selma to Montgomery March, around 600 civil rights marchers walk to Selma, Alabama to Montgomery-the state's capital-in protest of Black voter suppression. Local police block and brutally attack them. After successfully fighting in court for their right to march, Martin Luther King and other civil rights leaders lead two more marches and finally reach Montgomery on March 25.

August 6, 1965: President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to prevent the use of literacy tests as a voting requirement. It also allowed federal examiners to review voter qualifications and federal observers to monitor polling places.

April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated on the balcony of his hotel room in Memphis, Tennessee. James Earl Ray is convicted of the murder in 1969.

April 11, 1968: President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, also known as the Fair Housing Act, providing equal housing opportunity regardless of race, religion or national origin.

Sources

Executive Order 9981. Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum.
Civil Rights Act of 1957. Civil Rights Digital Library.
Governor George C. Wallace's School House Door Speech. Alabama Department of Archives and History.
Greensboro, NC, Students Sit-In for US Civil Rights, 1960. Swarthmore College Global Nonviolent Action Database.
Historical Highlights. The 24th Amendment. History, Art & Archives United States House of Representatives.
History-Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment. United States Courts.
History of Federal Voting Rights Laws. The United States Department of Justice.
"I Have a Dream," Address Delivered at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute Stanford.
Oldest and Boldest. NAACP.
SCLC History. Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Selma to Montgomery March: National Historic Trail and All-American Road. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. National Archives.

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Civil Rights Movement Timeline - Timeline & Events | HISTORY

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The civil rights movement was an organized effort by black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law. It began in the late 1940s and ended in the late 1960s.