# data[].attributes.body
"[...] in 1835, his father, who was modestly successful at his trade, became a naturalized citizen of the state of Prussia." (14)

# data[].attributes.body
"[...] the Buttermilch sons became known as Born, Germany for 'rejuvenating spring'. They were now, as Marcus said, 'one syllable men' in the High German tradition." (15)

# data[].attributes.body
"Gretchen's grandfather - Salomon's father- left the family business in Frankfurt am Oder, crossed the river into Silesia, and set up a small white goods shop in Schweidnitz. By 1843, he had expanded to Breslau, where he sent his oldest son, nineteen-year-old Salomon, as the firm's representative." (15)

# data[].attributes.body
The marriage of Fanny Ebstein and Marcus Born. Gustav's Father

# data[].attributes.body
"[...] in 1871, sixty years after his death, the eighth duke of Devonshire, a member of the family, endowed the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University" (37)
'His' = Henry Cavendish

# data[].attributes.body
'Gustav indulged his love for biology at serious emotional cost. From his start at the Institute of Anatomy in 1874 [...]" (10)

# data[].attributes.body
"Gustav Born and Gretchen (for Margarethe) Kauffmann met in Breslau in 1880. He had come to Breslau six years earlier to be an assistant researcher in the anatomy department at the university. He love was embryology; he was beginning a serious investigation of hybridization, artificially inseminating frog eggs." (6)

# data[].attributes.body
Gustav met Margarethe Kauffmann

# data[].attributes.body
"Gretchen and Gustav married at Tannhausen. To make sure their daughter would maintain her social position, the Kauffmanns provided the new couple with a large annual allowance along with access to all the family trappings [...]" (7)

# data[].attributes.body
The birth of Max Born

# data[].attributes.body
The birth of Käthe Kauffmann

# data[].attributes.body
"Gretchen Kauffmann Born had died a year and a half earlier, in summer 1886. Pregnant with her third child, she had fled the heat of Breslau for the cooler air and forest beauty of Tannhausen, Her parents' country estate. In this sanctuary southwest of Breslau, she hoped to find relief from the searing pain of gallstones. Max and his two-year -old sister, Käthe, came with her."(5)

# data[].attributes.body
The death of Gretchen Born in Tanhausen.

# data[].attributes.body
Max Born's 5th birthday. He's always wanted a pair of Lovebirds. His grandma said she'd get him one, to his disappointment, he did not get a pair of lovebirds. He misunderstood, they were from his Uncle Max Kauffmann

# data[].attributes.body
Six years after Gretchen's death, Gustav remarried to a woman named Bertha Lipstien. Max was 9 1/2 and Käthe was 8

# data[].attributes.body
"From his first days in Gottingen in 1895, Hilbert had operated outside the behavioral confines of German academia. An inviolate social barrier placed students on one side and professors on the other [...]" (28)

# data[].attributes.body
"Cambridge physicist J.J. Thompson had discovered the electron, the first subatomic particle, in 1897." (32)

# data[].attributes.body
"One evening in the winter of 1897-1898, Gustav arrived early for a dinner party at his sister Selma's and lay down to rest. Shortly afterward she heard him call for help. Hurrying in, she saw him covered with perspiration. Her husband, Joseph, who was also Gustav's Physician, found his pulse and heart weak enough for him to die at that moment. He survived that night [...]" (18-19)

# data[].attributes.body
The death of Gustav Kauffmann, due to a heart attack. He was 49 years old, Max was not yet 18, and Käthe was 16

# data[].attributes.body
"Born arrived in the small Hanoverian town for the beginning of the summer semester in April 1904" (26)

# data[].attributes.body
"In the winter semester of 1905-1905, Klein and the professors of applied mechanics Carl Runge and Ludwig Prandtl held a seminar on elasticity, in keeping with Klein's philosophy of practical mathematical application." (30)

# data[].attributes.body
"During the summer days of 1905 electron seminar, he had concluded that there was no absolute motion and no absolute time, as postulate in classical theory, because there was no absolute point of reference." (42)
'He' - Hermann Minkowski

# data[].attributes.body
"In 1906, Einstein came up with an explanation by merging the statistical mechanics of James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann with Max Planck's new quantum hypothesis." (54)

# data[].attributes.body
Marriage of Kathe Born and Georg Konigsberger

# data[].attributes.body
"On July 11, 1906, Born arrived at the Aula at 6:00 P.M. wearing the requisite formal dress suit, top hat, and white gloves." (35)

# data[].attributes.body
"On January 27, 1907, the Second Dragoon Guards awoke early and arrayed themselves in spiked helmet and parade dress with all flourishes. Born and the rest of the guards marched from their barracks at Tempelhof though miles of streets to the center of Berlin." (36)

# data[].attributes.body
Hermann Minkowski had published an article in the Gottingen Nachrichten, the journal of the Gottingen Academy of Science, entitled "The Basic Equations of the Electromagnetic Phenomena in Moving Bodies".

# data[].attributes.headline
CHAPTER 2: September 21 (Probably 1908, considering the next time check)

# data[].attributes.subject
CHAPTER 2: September 21 (Probably 1908, considering the next time check)

# data[].attributes.body
"On September 21, he heard Minkowski's renowned lecture on space and time. 'Henceforth, space by itself and time by itself, are doomed to fade away into mere shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent reality [...]'" (43)

# data[].attributes.body
Born arrived in Gottingen on November 10th, 1908.

# data[].attributes.body
The death of Minkowsi at the age of 44 due to an an serious illness with appendicitis

# data[].attributes.body
"In 1909 Germany, only about twenty full professors out of twelve hundred were Jewish. At many universities, an unwritten rule allowed no more than one Jewish professor in any specific faculty. Gottingen had only broken the rule in 1902 [...]" (47)

# data[].attributes.body
"Once Born was back in Gottingen, professors in the philosophical faculty came to the Aula on Saturday, October 23, by invitation of the dean." (49)

# data[].attributes.body
"In fall 1909, Born settled down to the life of a young Gottingen academic: Lecturing, researching, and enjoying evenings with colleagues." (51)

# data[].attributes.body
"In summer 1911, Albert Michelson, of the Michelson-Morley team --whose experiments Born had studied in the electron seminar--visited from the University of Chicago." (51)

# data[].attributes.body
"In fall 1911, just before El Bokarebo, Born was lecturing on the kinetic theory of gases and still 'drowning in the formalism of relativity theory,' as he would describe it ten years later." (54)

# data[].attributes.body
Max's trip to America

# data[].attributes.body
"Lewis and Born's relationship quickly developed from discussion on the theory of special relativity and was renewed when Born visited Berkeley in 1912" (93)

# data[].attributes.body
"They Physikalische Zeitschrift received Born and von Karman's paper on March 20, 1912, for publication the following month." (55)

# data[].attributes.body
"A few months after Michelson left, he invited Max to give a course on relativity at the University of Chicago during the 1912 summer seminar" (51)

# data[].attributes.body
"One of these, an old friend of Iris Runge's, arrived at the university in fall 1912 to take various lecture courses" (57)

# data[].attributes.body
"As for Born's research, by the end of 1913, he had published an impressive twenty-seven articles." (62)

# data[].attributes.body
Max and Hedi became engaged.

# data[].attributes.body
"On August 2, 1913, family and friends gathered in the Berlin suburb of Grunau, where Kathe Born Konigsberger had moved with architect husband Georg shortly after their marriage in 1906" (59)

# data[].attributes.body
"The thirty-seven-year-old Einstein was a pacifist, an internationalist, and since 1901 a Swiss citizen. He had been in Berlin only since 1914, when Max Planck and Walther Nernst recruited him as the director of Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, one of several new science research facilities." (73)

# data[].attributes.body
"In March 1914, after a few religion lessons in Berlin, he was baptized a Lutheran by the pastor who had married him to Hedi." (61)

# data[].attributes.body
"Six days later, on May 25, a daughter arrived, and they named her Irene, after the goddess of peace." (62)

# data[].attributes.body
"On October 4, 1914, ninety-three eminent German scientists and intellectuals (including Max Plank and Paul Ehrlich) put themselves on record in the Manifesto of the 93" (65)

# data[].attributes.body
"Plank's promise letter arrived on November 27, The faculty had reconvened, Planck had sent Born's name forward as first choice, and was awaiting the reply." (66)

# data[].attributes.body
"Born and Einstein's brief meetings at conferences over these years had not led to friendship; but once in Berlin, Born sought him out, and by fall 1915, they had become friends." (74)

# data[].attributes.body
"Born's first book on crystal dynamics in 1915, Sommerfeld had asked him to write a comprehensive article on the subject of the first volume of the Mathematical Encyclopedia." (110)

# data[].attributes.body
"New Year 1915 started with great promise, until they received Max Planck's letter of January 6. With deep regret, Planck explained 'that the matter of your call has taken a new direction.'" (66)

# data[].attributes.body
"By March 11, 1915, Max, Hedi, and Irene were on their way to prepare for the spring semester at the University of Berlin." (67)

# data[].attributes.body
"On March 15, just after arriving in Berlin and Consulting with Max Planck, he enlisted in a communication unit on physicists and technicians assigned to operate 'wireless' systems such as telegraphs" (70)

# data[].attributes.body
"When Haber and Born met, April 22 had already passed." (69)

# data[].attributes.body
"In November 1915, she had given birth to Margarethe (named after Max's mother)." (76-77)
"She" - Hedi, Max's wife

# data[].attributes.body
"Einstein's first visit to the Borns' home in Early 1916 was to play duets with Born." (74)

# data[].attributes.body
"In 1916, he had refined Bohr's circular orbit for the electron to the more sophisticated ellipse, introduced a fine structure constant, and found good agreement with the doublets observed in the lines of the hydrogen spectrum" (109)
"He" - Sommerfeld

# data[].attributes.body
"Born discovered his other philosophical refuge around the corner. During summer 1916, baby Irene developed a serious skin infection, and Arnold Berliner, ever ready with a medical referral, suggested Dr. Alfered Blaschko, as well-known dermatologist." (75)

# data[].attributes.body
"In 1917, he wrote to a colleague, 'I am but a soldier and do not have time to publish,' and in 1918, in a thank-you note to Niels Bohr for sending him a 'beautiful paper on quantum theory,' he wrote [...]"

# data[].attributes.body
"In fall 1917, Einstein had moved to Haberlandstrasse in the Bavarian Quarter, next door to his cousin Elsa." (81)

# data[].attributes.body
"Herkner had already seen war service in Flanders, Soisson, the Donau Crossing, and Verdun before the APK transfer papers finally reached him on November 19, 1917." (78)

# data[].attributes.body
"Haber, a native of Berslau and part of the Neisser social circle, was a brilliant chemist who would win the 1918 Nobel Prize." (69)

# data[].attributes.body
"In Summer 1918, the Borns depicted this trio in a postcard containing a photomontage (a popular craft at the time). They cut the men's three individual pictures in the shape of ovals and arranged them in a line with the ends overlapping." (81)

# data[].attributes.body
"On November 25, the University of Frankfurt wrote to the Ministry that it needed to announce the lectures for the spring semester. Who would give them - von Laue or Born?" (84)

# data[].attributes.body
"In late November, with trams stationary due to street fighting, Born walked from his apartment in Grunewald across open fields and meadows south to Dehlem to visit Franck - his frequent source of answers to experimental questions." (85)

# data[].attributes.body
"On January 4, 1919, the Prussian minister of education made Born's call to Frankfurt official." (86)

# data[].attributes.body
"The British lifted the blockage two weeks after the Germans signed the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919. The treaty gave Germany's northeastern borderlands to Poland, blamed Germany for the war, imposed large reparation payments, and deeded the Saar coal mines to France." (89)

# data[].attributes.body
"On November 6, the news went out that British astronomer Arthur Eddington had confirmed Einstein's general theory of Realitivity. Standing on Principe Island in the Gulf of Guinea on May 29, 1919 [...]" (92)

# data[].attributes.body
"In January 1920, for three consecutive Tuesday evenings, Born held lectures on general relativity in the large auditorium at the university." (92)

# data[].attributes.body
"At 6 A.M. on August 6, the arched concourse of Frankfurt's Hauptbahnof receded behind Max and Hedi as they traveled off, the children staying with the nanny." (98)

# data[].attributes.body
"On August 24, 1920, the Study Group of German Natural Philosophers, as they called themselves, held a meeting in Berlin's Philharmonic Hall. Most of the scientists comprising the group were unknowns, but one, the Nobel physicist Philipp Lenard, gave them visibility." (99)

# data[].attributes.body
"The Borns did not learn of the attack until they reached Munich on their trip home on September 5." (99)

# data[].attributes.body
"He made his most important public contribution by drafting Germany's first 'Law for Combating Venereal Diseases,' although he did not live long enough to see the Reichstag pass it in 1917" (76)
"He" - Blaschko a 58 year old internationalist and activist.

# data[].attributes.body
"On September 25, the day of the debate on relativity, Born and Einstein walked out of the train station to face a charged scene: guards armed wit fixed bayonets." (101)

# data[].attributes.body
"On February 21, Lande received a letter from Niels Bohr reporting that he had just derived the entire periodic system from quantum theory." (104)

# data[].attributes.body
"By April 1921, when they left their home and lovely garden, Frankfurt had begun to resemble chaotic Berlin. For Hedi, the move was particularly difficult. She was five months pregnant." (105)

# data[].attributes.body
"Born began a new research direction within days after he and Pauli reconvened in Gottingen to start the 1921 fall term." (108)

# data[].attributes.body
"In spring 1922, Born's attention, at least as much as the still incomplete encyclopedia article would allow, was focused on quantum theory." (112)

# data[].attributes.body
"Another milestone as 1922 ended was that, as Born wrote to his friend von Karman, 'the Encyclopedia article is done and printed'" (115)

# data[].attributes.body
"By the beginning of 1923, Born was politicking with Sommerfeld about Heisenberg, an important asset in Born's future research plans." (116)

# data[].attributes.body
"Max spent the summer of 1923 buried in his research, often working late into the night. When he was not battling asthma and bronchitis, this was his best way to escape from the depressing reality of daily life." (119)

# data[].attributes.body
"In September, Heisenberg returned to Gottingen as planned to do his Habilitation under Born." (120)

# data[].attributes.body
"In March 1924, Born spent much of the month in bed with his regular spring asthma attack." (121)

# data[].attributes.body
"The ideas and tools he used were all around him. Some came from Born's paper in 1924 - applying Fourier analysis to the oscillator's transition frequencies, a technique that Kramers and Heisenberg had used in their dispersion paper in December."

# data[].attributes.body
"On July 19, Born took the train to Hanover for a meeting of the German Physical Society."

# data[].attributes.body
"On July 28, 1924, Heisenberg successfully gave his habilitation lecture, 'The Historical and Logical Development of Quantum Theory,' having used his most recent work (which incorporated Born's and Kramer's new ideas as well as some of his own) as his Habilitation thesis." (123)

# data[].attributes.headline
CHAPTER 6: September 27, 1924 (presumably)

# data[].attributes.subject
CHAPTER 6: September 27, 1924 (presumably)

# data[].attributes.body
"The Zeitschrift fur physik received Born and Jordan's paper on September 27." (127)

# data[].attributes.body
"Bohr saw it in more balance, writing to Carl Oseen in Sweden that 'brighter days' were ahead 'because of the development of the new quantum mechanics which, resting upon ideas of Kramers and especially of Heisenberg, has been shaped into such a wonderful theory by Born.' In the wake of this great discovery, Max left Gottingen with Hedi on October 26, the children staying behind in the care of Grandfather Ehrenberg [...]" (128)

# data[].attributes.body
"On January 22, 1926, Born gave his last lecture at MIT before an audience of about 1,000 people." (132)

# data[].attributes.body
"In summer 1926, as Born worked on collision theory, a foreign invasion over took Gottingen." (141)

# data[].attributes.body
"In fall 1926, some of Born's new students as well as American fellows of the IEB perceived him as 'unapproachable and unsympathetic.'" (143)

# data[].attributes.body
"At his oral exam, on May 11, Born and Franck were both questioners. Franck took only twenty minutes, but it was long enough." (145)

# data[].attributes.body
"On July 4, Born wrote to Valentine that he was rejecting the American offers; but he also laid out his disappointment over the Ministry's failure to address his request for Heisenberg." (136)

# data[].attributes.body
"Born and Franck, however, glimpsed the beginning of extremism when, in 1927, Fritz Haber and Paul Ehrenfest were blackballed for membership in the Gottingen Academy of Science because 'it could not be proved they were of pure Aryan descent.'" (137)

# data[].attributes.body
"In December 1928, Born wrote to Einstein and to the university Kurator: he had overtaxed his system. He needed a three-week leave because of 'sleeplessness and other nervous system.'" (153)

# data[].attributes.body
"The winter of 1928-1929 was so severe that from Born's sanatorium on the German side of Lake Constance, one could walk across the frozen surface to Switzerland." (153)

# data[].attributes.body
"By the beginning of 1930, he had completed his book. Born was still on reducing teaching schedules, but Tisdale, who was in Gottingen checking on Fellows, reported back to the IEB that he was much better."
'He' - Born

# data[].attributes.body
"Born and Jordan's long awaited Elementare Quantenmechanik came out of the beginning of 1930 and immediately received a scathing review by Wolfgang Pauli Naturwissenschaften." (159)

# data[].attributes.body
"At the end of summer 1930, the Born family took off for Ehrwald in the Tirol of their annual vacation." (160)

# data[].attributes.body
"Born began 1931 preoccupied with his impending one-year term as Dean of the Mathematics-Natural Science Faculty, a position that rotated among the professors." (163)