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Ecosystem effects:

Larger levels of bycatch relative to other major fishing methods.

Bycatch fish can be released quickly but majority might not survive

Quality of catch is low as many troll-caught fish become hooked in locations other than the mouth, which increases the likelihood of fatal wounding, especially if the gills are damaged.

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Ecosystem effects:

Very little by-catch.

Unwanted by-catch usually returned to the sea alive and unharmed giving almost zero discard mortality.

Pursued by small low-powered boats using very little fuel, and as the gear is never in contact with the seabed, has a minimum seabed impact.

It is a well managed fishery throughout the UK that produces a high-quality product

Quality of catch is high standard

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rod fishing-throwing of lure to fish, and luring of fish to bite the lure

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similar to trawling but with a frame usually with wheels

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another non-selective fishing method that destroys the ecosystem and captures species other than the targeted species (including endangered and protected species)

Fishing methods:
1. Deciding which area of the sea to trawl depending on target species:

pelagic animals - pelagic trawling will occur where trawl depth is monitiored by depth sensors to adjust fishing depth to hat of the target fish

benthic animals: beam trawls towed for a certain length of time and distance along the sea bed before being retrieved'

2. Removing unwanted catch (bycatch):

Unwanted fish are then discarded off the boat - marine mammals, fish that do not meet the standard (undersized), etc.

Advantages:

Method that allows effecient capture of target fish as the majority of target fish can due to the wide range of net

Disadvantages:

Especially evident in bottom trawling, during trawling everything in their path is disturbed or destroyed, including seagrasses, coral reefs or rock gardens where fish hide from predators

Valuable fish, turtles, seabirds, marine mammals and other animals are all captured and discarded by bottom trawls, and many do not survive

Fish that are “unwanted” and discarded by the bottom trawler are often juveniles of valuable species caught by other fishermen.

Leads to overfishing because the gear is not selective and discards a lot of dead fish (size of mesh net prevents larger non targeted fish from escaping)

Catch quality and ecosystem effects:
Catch quality:
relatively lower - majority of target fish caught and sold, but part of catch can be ruined due to squeezing from heaving nets or other marine animals

Ecosystem effects:

different effects on different types of seabed sediment (sand, silt or mud) each with different ecological consequences.

destroys the natural seafloor habitat and bottom-dwelling plants and animals are affected/destroyed by tearing up root systems or animal burrows.

resuspending bottom sediment --> nutrient levels in the ambient water and chemistry of water is changed. resuspended sediment can lower light levels in the water, reduce photosynthesis in ocean-dwelling plants

discarded fish more often than not die due to stress and mishandling

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Ecosystem effects:

Massive bycatch (sea turtles, sharks, marine mammals) get entagled in fishing line.

Marine mammal depredation/theft: baited fish become easy access for predators

Target fish spooked off

Quality of catch is realtively okay due to fishing methods but catch limited due to ecosystem effects.

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bait attached to the hooks at the back of the boat and dragged through the water 

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:) effective fishing - cover large area of water in rapid manner

:) provides precise depth and speed control

:( large bycatch

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fishing line is vertical in water column, operated from drifting or anchored vessel, also can be conducted from shore

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:) affordable - not much equipment required

:( more difficult than modern fishing

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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- a non-selective fishing method that captures everything that it surrounds, including protected species

Fishing method:
1. identifying a school of fish
- hardest step of this fishing technique
-scanning via helicopters for natural cues from air
- utilizing radar fish finders to help identify exact location of size and school
2. purse seining carried out in the area
- can reach more than 2000m in length and 200m in depth

Advantages:
- covers a large area in a short period of time
- easy to catch large congregating fish (shoalers)
- low bycatch in open waters

Disadvantages:
- captures everything the area and can produce large bycatch if not done properly in shallower waters
- entanglement of larger marine animals in nets which causes injuries or stress

Ecosystem effects:
- liability of resulting in bycatch of vulnerable species
- accidental catch and discarding of juvenile commercial fish species

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1) Purse seine nets
2) Trawling

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long line of many hooks which contains bait 

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:) allows massive fish yield
:) can catch variety of fishes: open-water fishes, bottom-dwelling fishes

:( injure / kill non-target animals / endangered animals upon interaction
:( loss of target catch - bc of marine mammal depredation / theft.
:( marine mammals attracted to bait / target fish caught
- easy access to prey
- spook target fishes, causing them to avoid the baited hooks
- may damage fishing gear during capture or entanglement

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(1) longlining
(2) handlining
(3) trolling

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more likely to lose fishing gear

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similar to gillnet

Advantages:
targets more wide variety of fish

Disadvantages:
More bycatches

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Requires net pore large enough for head to pass, but small enough to prevent the rest of body passing through pore of net. This traps fishes by the gills.

Advantages:
1)Allow more specific size target of fish-->less growth overfishing(catching fish that have yet to reach maturity, growth to best harvest size)
2)Less disturbance to benthic/shallow communities than electrofishing, trawling, seining
3)allows more effective acoustic alarm that reduce bycatch of small mammals, as nets are longer in water

Disadvantages:
1)poorer quality of fish(from fish struggling, dead fish staying in water longer, opportunistic animals)
2)kills bycatch when caught, as longlines are not retrieve frequently to remove bycatch and fish caught-->unaccounted mortality

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housing/trapping of organisms that uses pots as shelters or find food in crevices

Advantages:
1)Ghost fishing impact from these fishing equipment is minimal
2)Extremely low non-legal/non-marketable bycatch, minimal impact on marine ecosystem
3)preserves quality of organism(alive)

Disadvantages:
Traps only certain species: octupussy, crabs, lobsters

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Fishing gear moving toward prey

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Prey moving to fishing gear
tend to be stationary