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Genetics

Environmental stress

e.g. noise, incorrect water conditions

poorer immune response

Poor nutrition

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Takes time to respond to foreign objects but has immune memory and adapt to pathogens and foreign bodies over time.

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Definitions:

Ectoparasite: parasite lives outside host

Endoparasite: parasite lives inside host

Direct life cycle: parasite requires only one host to complete life cycle

Indirect life cycle: parasite requires >1 host to complete life cycle

Definitive host: organism which parasite reaches sexual maturity in

Intermediate host: organism which parasite develops but does not reach sexual maturity in

Partenic host: organism which is not needed for the development & maturity of parasite

Types:

Annelida

e.g. leech

Fungi

Protozoa

e.g. flagellates

Helminths

e.g. monogeneans, nematodes, tapeworms

Anthropods

e.g. ispoda, copepoda

Signs:

parasites attached to skin surface

flashing/scratching skin surface with rough surfaces

coudy skin

ulceration

shortness of breath

red areas/lesions on skin

eroded fins

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Is the basic immune response where the response is immediate but limited and doesn't have a immunological memory. (dendritic cells, etc)

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- gross morphology and histological examination
- electron microscopy
- DNA-based diagnostics eg PCR, hybridization
- immunological techniques eg immunolabelling of sample using antibodies

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Types:

Double-stranded DNA virus

e.g. herpesviridae, iridoviridae, baculoviridae

Double-stranded RNA virus

e.g. birnaviridae

Single-stranded RNA virus

e.g. rhabdoviridae, okavirus, nodavirus

Signs:

gross pathological signs

e.g. swollen organs, tissue necrosis, lesions, haemorrhages

Abnormal behaviour

e.g. rduced growth, gasping for air, abnormal swimming, lethargy

mass mortality of species

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Vaccination:
A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins --> increases immunity (innate & adaptive)

Types:

1. live, attenuated

2. subunit

3. inactivated/"killed"

4. DNA

5. recombinant

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Vaccination
An agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. --> increases immunity

Types:

Immunostimulants

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Muramyl peptide, citin, chitosan, plant extracts, vitamin etc. (non-toxic)
Promotes a greater and more effective sustained immune response to infectious agents.
Helps by hastening the specific and non-specific immune responses.

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Examples:
Streptococcus, Vibrio

Signs:

slow growth

change in behaviour

haemorrhagic septicaemia

fin and tail rot

breathing difficulty

ulcers to skin lesions

exopthalmia/cloudy eyes

flashing

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Vaccination:

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biochemical

molecular

histology

phenotypic (morphological --> behavioral, gross clinical signs, etc.)

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water source

pathogens directly introduced to stock

vectors

people and wild fish carry pathogens

fish movement

new fish brought onto farm, contact with wild/other farm fish

horizontal and vertical transmission

Equipment

pathogens survive on equipment

pathogens carried in vehicle tyres/soles of the boots

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Drugs (antibiotics)

farm management practises

chemical treatment

Natural remedies

Culling (fallowing)

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level I: field observation of animal environment, clinical examination

level II: lab observation using parasitology, bacteriology etc

level III: lab observation using virology, electron microscopy etc

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parasites

bacteria

virus

fungi

others

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vaccination

immunostimulants

biosecurity measures

culling

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Mitigation methods:
- Disinfection methods (disinfection mats, vehicle baths, stock disinfection, equipment disinfection,  personnal disinfection etc)
- Vectors (vermin, rodents, birds etc) prevention by fencing and security of culture area and condition.e.g anti bird perching roofs and fencing.
-  disease-free/pathogen free stock (SPF stock)
- zoning of equipment and record keeping of in's and out's within the facility.
- proper husbandry methods