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Biological Approach to Prosocial Behaviour 

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Biological Approach to Prosocial Behaviour 

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The biological approach states that altruism is genetic and is ultimately about the survival of the species through Kin Selection Theory and Inclusive Fitness that describe the idea of shared genetics and that being the reason why we help each other

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Field studies:  Levine et al (2001)
In 23 large cities a series of field experiments took place. People were given the opportunity to help a pedestrian that dropped pen, a man  on crutches who dropped magazines, and a blind person cross the street. The rate of helping was stable across all scenarios, however culture played a large part in who helped. There was also a tie to a country’s economic productivity. In Brazil there was  a 93% helping rate, but in a more economically developed place like Malaysia, its rate was 40%.

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Evaluate research on Prosocial behavior.

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Evaluate research on Prosocial behavior.

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Should probably talk about Beaman et al (1978)

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Contrasting kin selection theory and social exchange theory. Kin selection theory is the degree of altruism depends on the genetic similarity of people in a group. Inclusive fitness can be used to back up this argument. Inclusive fitness is the drive to help others with similar genetics in order for them to pass on their genes. For the social exchange theory the empathy-altruism model can back up this argument

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Empathy training in Feshbach and Feshbach (1982). 

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Empathy training in Feshbach and Feshbach (1982). 

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kids were primed with more empathy building activities to see effect in playing in playground. Those who underwent training showed less aggressive behavior and more likely to intervene in bullying situations
-Alexis

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Evaluate research on prosocial behavior.

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Evaluate research on prosocial behavior.

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Toi and Batsons values and limitations vs Warneken's values and limitations

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prosocial behavior is correlated with biological aspects such as genetics shown through kin selection theory

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prosocial behavior is correlated with biological aspects such as genetics shown through kin selection theory

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could compare and contrast the research of BLOA, CLOA, and SCLOA

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could compare and contrast the research of BLOA, CLOA, and SCLOA

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define key terms like prosocial behavior and an overview of the main theories. 

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define key terms like prosocial behavior and an overview of the main theories. 

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Psychological Explanations: The empathy-altruism model-people can experience two types of emotions when they notice someone suffering. One is person distress (anxiety and fear) which leads to egotistic helping and the other is empathic concern (compassion and empathy) which leads to altruistic behavior
Biological Explanations: Kin selection Theory: predicts that the degree of altruism depends on the genetic similarity of individuals in a group. The closer to the genetic relationship between the helper and those needing help, the greater the chance for altruistic behaviour

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The Pilliavin (1969) and Latane and Rodin (1969) studies examine the root causes of bystanderism in order to evaluate one’s likelihood of engaging in prosocial behavior.

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talk about inclusive fitness and mirror neurons

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Prosocial behavior is behavior that benefits another person or has beneficial social consequences. Kin selection theory argues that the degree of altruism depends on the genetic similarity of individuals in a group.

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Prosocial behavior is behavior that benefits another person or has beneficial social consequences. Kin selection theory argues that the degree of altruism depends on the genetic similarity of individuals in a group.

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Arousal-cost-reward model  argues that arousal is the motivational factor because when something is unpleasant, the bystander is motivated to reduce it, but before helping, the individual will assess possible costs and rewards associated with helping or not.Kin selection theory takes on a biological approach whereas the arousal cost reward model takes on a more sociocultural approach

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Lab studies: Latané (1969)- confounding variables can be better controlled, but less ecological validity. This study involved interviewing participants over an intercom system. The independent variable was the number of other students they were told they were being interviewed with. During the interview, the other participant voice (they were either told there was one, two, or four other people) acted as though they were having a seizure, and the dependent variable was how fast or if the participant reacted to help at all.

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Definitely discuss studies pertaining to the 3 approaches mentioned above. Overall there are also S+W of studying prosocial behavior that can be explored.

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Contrasting between the biological approach and the cognitive approach by comparing the kin-selection theory, which argues that altruistic behavior is dependent on genetic similarity between individuals and the social exchange theory which argues that altruistic behavior is based on a cost-reward analysis.

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Social exchange theory- human relationships are based on a subjective cost-reward analysis. Arousal-cost reward model- emotional arousal is motivational factor for helping in order to reduce unpleasantness

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Bystanderism can be heavily influenced by the idea of the negative state relief model in which one weighs the consequences and benefits of helping another person. 

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inclusive gene theory: people help people with similar genes to increase their gene pool

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manipulated participants' level of empathy to see influence on liklihood of helping. used different words when asking participants to examine an interview (listen vs imagine how the person felt)
-Alexis

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Surveys: Banyard et al (2005) surveys provide exact quantitative data to make clear distinctions, however the ecological validity of survey data is questionable. Surveys do not measure actual behavior, but instead propose hypothetical situations meaning the do not accurately predict how the participant will behave in a real-life situation of Social Responsibility.

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The biological approach to prosocial theory states that people engage in prosocial and altruistic behavior due to genetic/biological factors.

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On the biological approach, Marsch examined whether extrordinary altruists, those who donated a kidney, were more likely to exhibit a larger size of their right amygdala and faster responses to fearful expressions. He used an fMRI and MRI for this.
- Alexis

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1. Marsh and the kidney donations and MRI's
2. w/ the rats and how they help each other (but in dif. conditions)

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used a field study to examine sociocultural factors in helping on the New York Subway. Ecological validity was high due the field experiment used, many people involved and therefore good for examining social responsibility
- Alexis

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Pluralistic ignorance, the combination of informational and normative social influences causing a person not to act when given an opportunity to help to remain in a non-helping group, is another factor that can contribute to bystanderism.

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Could be used to evaluate the extent to which findings can be generalized to other cultures

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Potentially smth about Dawkins Selfish Gene Theory and how that discusses the safety of the group-- is it even altruism? or a subconscious genetic response

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The biological approach to prosocial behavior states that people do altruistic actions because it is hardwired and it gives their gene pool an advantage.

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Contrast Two approaches to Prosocial Behavior.

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Contrast Two approaches to Prosocial Behavior.

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When exploring pro social behavior you can look at it through many different lenses. Biologicaly many would argue that we are more prone to helping people related to us, The Kin Selection Theory. However you can also look at it through the Sociocultural lense and say that people will help someone if they think that someday that person will be able to do a favor for them, The Social Exchange Theory.