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witnesses and victims of abuse tend to become abusive (Dolgin, 2018).

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Childhood abuse is a primary cause of addiction (Newport Academy, 2012).

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Trauma affects motor control, memory, and impulse control (Dolgin, 2018).

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Cognitive development is not complete until around age 25 (NCTSM, n.d.).

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Trauma causes stress. Stress leads to participation in risky behaviors such as substance abuse (Dolgin, 2018).

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Difficulty with healthy relationships with caregivers, problems in romantic relationships or with people in a place of authority (NCTSM, n.d.).

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PTSD. Difficulty managing emotions and connecting with others. Perceive situations as dangerous. Vulnerable to revictimization (NCTSM, n.d.). Thinks they are "bad" and the world is a terrible place.

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Increased stress, mental health difficulties, unable to understand their own emotions (Dolgin, 2018).

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Difficulty making and maintaining friends. Self-isolation (NCTSM, n.d.).

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what effects can trauma have on adolescent development?