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Gilded = things look good on the outside, but there is so much corruption/oppression/hate in society at this time

- increase in wealth
- pursuit of material items
- industrialization
- immigration to U.S.

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- Gilded Age: 1865-1914
- Regionalism: tired to capture features from a specific area of the U.S.
ex. "Desiree's baby
- Realism: complex characters going through ordinary life
ex. Moby Dick
- Naturalism: nature is hostile and indifferent to humans. Humans are courageous when facing unbeatable odds.
ex. The Dark Brown Dog

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DuBois is asking for three rights to be given to Blacks in America: The right to vote, Civic Equality, and The education of youth according to ability. Each of these, he argues, is essential to the empowerment of Blacks. He is also asking for his fellow Blacks to speak their minds - The ideas of Washington have led to the suppression of many Black activists as well as their ideas, and without the support of the masses, change will not happen. DuBois presents Black people to his audience as human, equal to all other races, able to choose their own leaders, able to express their own ideas, and indispensable to society. He argues that while Washington supports submission, Blacks should express their ideas and raise themselves up in society.

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The Dark Brown Dark helps us understand post-reconstruction because, in the beginning of the story, the dog is mistreated by the little boy and his family. Then, the boy starts being nicer to him and his life seems to improve for a while. The dog continues to be abused by the boy's family. Although, at the end of the story, the boy's father gets drunk and kills the dog. Because the dog represents African Americans, the period when the dog's life seems to get better represents Reconstruction. The father getting drunk and killing the dog represents post-Reconstruction when the lives of black people went back to being terrible because of Jim Crow laws, racism, and segregation.White supremacy continues in the United States after reconstruction, as the father represents old white southerners.

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This reading helps show how not all African Americans agreed on the best way to live their lives in the post-reconstruction era. Booker T. Washington believed it was best to remain subservient and become economically needed, which would eventually lead to gaining rights. W. E. B. DuBois argues in this reading that unless they fight for civil rights, none of their financial gains would ever be secure, and if they promise subservience white people will never see them as worthy of rights.

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It helps further our understanding of post-reconstruction by showing that black people still didn't feel free. Southerners made laws that gave them the smallest amount of freedom possible, called the Jim Crow laws. "We wear our mask" shows how black people smile on the outside, but on the inside, they feel pain. "Sympathy" refers to how black people are still trying to get equal rights, but still can't even after the Civil War.

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Booker T. Washington has tirelessly advocated his cause, but he has ended up promoting loss of African-American rights despite his goals of gaining them.
Washington tries to make Black citizens' economic opportunities more abundant, but without laws defending their rights to that economic success, they will never be able to keep them if whites attack their property.
He saps the self-respect of Black people in promoting silent submission, and opposes the rights of the Talented Tenth to have a higher education.
All that DuBois asks of the nation is the right to vote, civic equality, and ability-based education opportunities.

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Subjugation- the stray dog, like recently freed slaves, doesn't know they deserve equal treatment; they tolerate cruelty and seek affection, hoping conditions will improve

Submission- an adaptive coping mechanism, easier than fighting or fleeing the situation

Silent Acceptance - While the family was abusing the dog, the neighbors were tolerant, and shared in the guilt of the dog's death, similar to the mistreatment of African Americans by passive bystanders.

Protection- depends on the power of the protector. The child (new generation southerners) is powerless to the father's (Jim Crow Laws) ultimate authority

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A young boy befriends a dark brown dog when it approaches him on the street with a leash still attached to its neck. The boy takes the dog home, where we meet the child's abusive father and mother, who also attack the dog. The boy occasionally hits the dog, but doesn't truly mean to hurt him badly. They live happily together for a little bit, but the dog is eventually murdered by the father. This story has two sides, the literal interpretation and the version with allegory. The dog is freedmen, the boy is the more progressive Southerners, and the father is the Jim Crow laws/old Southerners, and the child's mother is the white women in the South

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1. Segregation
2. Development of black people and the way their rights fluctuated during this time.
3. Shows Booker T. Washington's views on the development of black people's rights.
4. Demonstrates the importance of the economy during this time
5. Because Booker T. Washington was enslaved, it changed his views on Reconstruction and strived for a submissive, safe black community in Ameria

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1.  racism
2. understanding how black people feel during the post-reconstruction era
3. feeling captured in society
4. desperation

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- using joy to hide sadness
- the world is a cruel place
- not letting others see their true emotions
- people wanting / dreaming for better
- paying the price for deception (guile)

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Asked that white people hire black people and not immigrants because black people are essential to the economy
Asked black people to trust white people
Asked for black people to be submissive and work with their heads down

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1. submission
2. separate but "equal"
3. promised prosperity for America if white people and black people worked together
4. Equality isn't as important as work and it is more important to know how to use rights than to have rights

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Hank, Lucy, Brianna

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How do these poems help us further our understanding of post-Reconstruction?

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How do these poems help us further our understanding of post-Reconstruction?

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How does this reading help us further our understanding of post-Reconstruction?

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How does this reading help us further our understanding of post-Reconstruction?

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Article: The Gilded Age: Regionalism, Realism, and American Naturalism

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Article: The Gilded Age: Regionalism, Realism, and American Naturalism

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Ms. Devey

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Bailey, Leland, Lyla, Caleb

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Carter, Emmy, Gretchen, Sloan

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JC, Avery, Abby

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How does this reading help us understand post-Reconstruction?

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How does this reading help us understand post-Reconstruction?

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What is W.E.B. DuBois asking for in this speech? How does he present Black people to the white audience?

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What is W.E.B. DuBois asking for in this speech? How does he present Black people to the white audience?

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How does this reading help us further our understanding of post-Reconstruction? 

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How does this reading help us further our understanding of post-Reconstruction? 

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What is Booker T. Washington asking for in this speech? How does he present Black people to the white audience? 

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What is Booker T. Washington asking for in this speech? How does he present Black people to the white audience? 

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How does this reading help us further our understanding of post-Reconstruction?

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How does this reading help us further our understanding of post-Reconstruction?

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"Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others" from The Souls of Black Folk" by W.E.B. DuBois (1903)

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"Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others" from The Souls of Black Folk" by W.E.B. DuBois (1903)

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"Address to The Atlanta Exposition" by Booker T. Washington (1895)

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"Address to The Atlanta Exposition" by Booker T. Washington (1895)

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The Dark Brown Dog by Stephen Crane (1893)

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The Dark Brown Dog by Stephen Crane (1893)