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Prepositions of time: during, for, since, etc.

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Prepositions of time: during, for, since, etc.

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During, for, since

We can use during or in when something happens at some point(s) within a specific period of time

We usually use during (not in) when we're talking about the whole period of time

When we're talking about a period of time up to the present, we can use for to say how long it has been and since to say when it started

Before, by, until

We usually use before very generally for something happening earlier than a certain time

We use by more precisely when we mean 'at/on or before a specific time

We use until for a period of time up to a specific point in time

We can use not ... until when we mean ‘not earlier than'

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At, in and on for location

When something is at a place, it is close to it, but not touching it

We can also use at when we talk about a point on a scale or a journey

When something is in a place, it is inside it

We can also use in when we talk about a place as a general area such as a region or a country

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Prepositions of place: above, below, between, etc.

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Prepositions of place: above, below, between, etc.

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Above and over:

We use “above and over” to say that one thing is in a higher position than another

We can use above (not over) when one thing is at a higher level or point on a scale than another

We can use over (not above) when one thing covers another in some way

Below and under

We use below and under to say that one thing is in a lower position than another

We use below (not under) when one thing is at a lower level or point on a scale than another

We use under (not below) when one thing is covered by another in some way

Between and among

We can talk about a place between two or more separate people or things or among more than two people or things together as a group

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Preposition used for exceptions: except (for), besides, without, etc.

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Preposition used for exceptions: except (for), besides, without, etc.

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Except (for): used with someone or something not included in a general statement

Except for (only): used with information added to a specific statement making it not completely true

Ex: Everyone is cool except (for) Tuan. His parents are strict everyday except for / on his birthday.

Besides: alternatives for Except (for) in negative sentences or usually means “in addition to” in other sentences.

Apart from: can be used instead of Except (for) and Besides

Without: used for something not included in a wider senses of “not having” / “not doing” something

Minus: used when emphasizing that something has been removed
Ex: They finally submitted the assignment just in time, without/minus additional details.

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Prepositions used for connections: of, with, by

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Prepositions used for connections: of, with, by

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Of (after adjectives) and with (after others): when talking about people and things being connected

“Of” between 2 noun phrases: the first belongs to / is part of the second

“With” between 2 noun phrases: the second is a particular feature of the first

With + a determiner and noun: for the specific thing used to perform an action

By + a noun or gerund: describe the action in a more general way
Ex: He take his son to school by car.

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Prepositions of movement and place: from, across, along, etc.

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Prepositions of movement and place: from, across, along, etc.

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From and to: starting and end points of movements or changes

Towards (“in the direction of”): focus on the direction of movement, development, or change

Across: for place and movement to the other side of a surface or area

Over: for place and movement to the other side of something that is viewed as high or as a line

Through: for movement that enters and leaves something

Along / Past: for movement in / beyond one direction or a position somewhere in / beyond that direction

Off: for movement away from a surface ; the position in relation to a surface ; “not connected to”

Out of (“out” alone is not a preposition): for movement from the inside of something; the position of something which is no longer inside; “no longer having”

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At
- With exact point of time.
- At + names of mealtimes, gerund words for holidays.
- When we talk about a person's age as a point in time.

In
- With a period of time.

*in the night (during a specific night) =/= at night ( during any night)
- In + names of months, seasons, years.
- In + phrases identifying centuries and historical periods.
- Use in for a period of time before something happens or is completed.

On
- With a specific day, part of a specific day or occasions and dates.

Don't use in, on, at + time expression beginning with each, every, last, next.

We can use from, to for starting and end points in times.

We can also use past ('later than') in a point in time.

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Prepositional phrases (preposition + object)

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Prepositional phrases (preposition + object)

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- The objects are noun phrases. At the weekend
- Include object pronouns. Next to my house
- Gerund after, against, instead of, etc.
- In questions and relative clauses, we often put prepositions at the end.
- In formal uses, the proposition is sometimes put at the beginning of the question or before the relative pronoun.
- Some prepositions are only used at the beginning, not the end, of question and relative clause: After, because of, above, before, below, besides, during.

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Consist of 2 words (next to, instead of, according to, because of, due to, apart from, out of, together with)  or more than 2 words (as well as, in front of, as a result, in addition to, in place of, on top of, with regard to).

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Have a wide range of possible meanings. At, with, of, to, in, as, by, for, from, off, on.

Have a more limited range of meanings. During, behind, past, above, across, against, before, between, inside, over, through, until, without.

A few words delivered from present participle, which can be used as simple prepositions. Following, including, considering, excluding, facing, regarding.

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Distinguishing Inseparable and Separable Phrasal Verbs

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Distinguishing Inseparable and Separable Phrasal Verbs

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Inseparable and separable phrasal verbs (with one exception) use different prepositions as their particles.
Example:
+ Inseparable Prepositions
about /after/ against/ at/ by/ for/ from/ into/ of/ on/ through/ to/ with
+ Separable Prepositions
apart/ away/ back/ down/ in/ off/ on/ over/ up

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Prepositions Used as Particles with Separable Phrasal Verbs

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Prepositions Used as Particles with Separable Phrasal Verbs

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The number of prepositions that can be used as particles with separable phrasal verbs is relatively limited. Here is a list of the most common ones: apart, away, back, down, in, off, on, out, over, up.

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Normal position: The CEO called off them. (X)

Shifted: The CEO called them off.

When the object is a pronoun (instead of a noun or any type of noun substitute other than a pronoun), the particle in a separated phrasal verb must be shifted.

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Normal position: The CEO called off the talks.

Shifted: The CEO called the talks off.

* When we add an adverb:

Normal position: The CEO called off the talks abruptly.

Shifted: The CEO called the talks off abruptly.

* Shifting the particle to the end of the sentence, makes it ungrammatical:

Shifted: The manager called the meeting abruptly off (X)

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A few inseparable phrasal verbs are compounded with a second particle, called Compound Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

Example: She looks down on her opponents (= disrespect)

Notice: against, from, of, on, to, with can be used as particles with ordinary, uncompounding inseparable verbs.

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- Transitive verbs (require objects, noun phrases or other construction that can play the role of noun phrase)
Example: Phrasal verb: Everybody talked about the meeting.

Nonphrasal verb: Everybody discussed the meeting.

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- Consist of a verb and a particle acting as a single unit
Example:

The idea was catching on (catch on = become successful)

Some old friends dropped by (drop by = visit)

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Nguyễn Thanh Khiêm
Phạm Duy Vũ Long
Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Anh
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