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Several hundred years ago the Arabs and the Europeana traded with india, India at that time was a very rich country famous for us spices gold pears and Silk

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The Portuguese had traded in Goa as early as 1510 and later founded three other colonies on the west coast in Diu Biein, and Mangalore in 1601 the East India Company was chartered, and the English began their first inroads into the Indian Ocean in 1612 Brish established a trading post in Sunur in Gujarat

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In 1614 Sir Thomas Roe was instructed by James L the king of England to visit the court of Mughal Emperor Jahangir

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Sir Thomas was successful in getting permission from Jahangir the Mughal Emperor for setting up factories or fortified trading posts East India Company set up factories at Ahmedabad Broach and Agra In 1640 East India Company established an outpost at Madras Later they established factories in Orissa and Fort William in Calcutta

Once in India, the British began to compete with the Portuguese, the Dutch and the French In 1672 the French established themselves at Pondicherry and stage was se for a rivalry between the British and French for control of Indian trade Through a combination of outright combat and deft alliances with local princes, the East India Company gained control of all European trade in India by 1769

British Rule in India

The wealth taken back to Britain by the traders of the East India Company was used to fund the industrial revolution in Britain. The British now needed a steady supply of raw materials for their factories. They also needed a market in which to sell the goods being manufactured by the factories

The British rule can be divided into two distinct phases

Colonial rule from 1600-1857 which saw the entry and consolidation of British empire and culminated in the war of Independence British Raj- from 1857- 1947 from the War of Independence to independent

India After Aurangzeb's death the Mughal empire went to decline A series of battles saw the consolidation of British power

Battle Of Plassey

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British Rule in India

The wealth taken back to Bain by the traders of the East India Company was used to fund the industrial revolution in Britain. The British now needed a steady supply of raw materials for the tactiones They also needed a market in which to sell the goods being manufactured by the factories

The Brah rule can be divided into two distinct phases

Colonial rule from 1600-1857 which saw the entry and consolidation of Brit

empire and culminated in the war of Independence Brinsh Raj-from 1857-1947 from the War of Independence to independent

India

After Aurangzebis death the Mughal empre went to decline A senes of battles s the consolidation of British power

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Battle Of Plassey

This was the first success for the Brosh East India Company and consolidated h over Bengal On June 23rd 1757 the forces of the East India Company under Rober Clive met the army of Sap-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal at Plassey

Clive had 800 Europeans and 2200 Indians whereas Siraj-ud-Daulah an entrenched camp at Plassey was said to have about 50.000 men with a ma heavy anillery

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The awant to the Nawabs throne. Mir Jadar was induced to throw in his lot with Clive A number of the Nawab's solters were bribed to throw away their weapons surrender prematurely and eventum ther ama agamat their owns army, Si-ud Daulah was defeated

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Battle of Wandiwash

From 1744, the French and English fought a series of battles for supremacy in the South Carac region. In the third Camanc war the Brush East India Company defeated the French forces at the base of Wandwash ending almost a century of conflict over supremacy in India

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Battle of Buxar

This baie was fought in 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company, and the combined Muslim army of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Senga Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal King Shah Alam After the victory of the Englash in Buxar Robert Clive was appointed the governar and commander in chief of the English army in Bengal in 1765 After winning the Battle of Buxar the Brith earned the night to collect land revenue in Bengal Bihar and On This development set the foundation of British political nile in India

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Consolidation of Power

Warren Hastings was appointed the Governor of Bengal in 1772 under the Regulating Act of 1773 A Council of four members was appointed and Warren Hastings (Governor-General 1774-85) was empowered to conduct the Company's affairs with the Council's advice. The British faced stiff resistance from the Marathas in the west and Hyder Ali in the south The Sikhs under Maharaja Ranjit Singh was powerful force in Punjab The British then turned their attention on these powerfu kingdoms

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Consolidation of Power

Warren Hastings was appointed the Governor of Bengal in 1772 under the Regulating Act of 1773 A Council of four members was appointed and Warren Hastings (Governor-General 1774-85) was empowered to conduct the Company's affairs with the Council's advice. The British faced stiff resistance from the Marathas in the west and Hyder Ali in the south The Sikhs under Maharaja Ranjit Singh was powerful force in Punjab The British then turned their attention on these powerfu kingdoms

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Anglo-Maratha Wars-a total of three wars between 1777 and 1818 saw the Mara

power decline

Anglo Mysore wars

were a series of wars fought in India over the last three decades of the 18th century between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company represented by the Madras Presidency

The fourth war resulted in the overthrow of the house of Hyder All and Tipu Sullan who was killed in the final war in 1799), and the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the British and their allies

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Anglo-Sikh Wars took place in 1848 and 1849 The death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was exploited by the British It resulted in the subjugation of the Sikh Empire and the annexation of the Punjab and what subsequently became the North-West Frontier Province of the East India Company

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Governor Generals Of India

The Governor-General of India/Viceroys of India were the heads of the British administration in India

Lord Wellesley (1789-1805)

Lord Richard Wellesley used the Subsidiary Alliance system to bring the Indian States under British rule According to the system, the British would protect the Indianstates from foreign threats while gradually bringing them under British supremacy. The Indian states had to disband their armies and allow British troops to maintain their states This system was a calculated policy of the East India Company to control the territory It also allowed the company to maintain the British army at the expense of the Indian states

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Lord William Benedict (1833 1835) He is known as a benevolent administrator for his abolition of Sat and Introducing the English as a medium of instruction He is also known for suppressing the Thugs and introduction of freedom to the press

Lord Dalhousie (1846-1856) devised the doctrine of lapse

According to this policy any princely state would come under the direct control of the British East India Company if the ruler died without a direct heir Satara. Thanajavur Sambhal Jhansi Nagpur and Awadh were annexed under this doctrine

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The discontent among Indians led to the First War of Independence in 1857 British policies had made India a captive market for goods and a source of raw materials for its factories Indian craftsmen were wiped out and farmers were an impoverished lot The old aristocracy was replaced by Zamindari system which created a new elite classes Unjust laws Like the doctrine of Lapse had been used to take over the kingdoms like Jhansi, Satara when rulers died without an heir Social reforms and introduction of western education also led to a deep resentment as interference in culture Conditions were ripe for an uprising.

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The immediate provocation was issued of greased cartridges whose ends soldiers were to bite off before use This was rumored to be greased with cow/ pig fat This angered both Hindu and Muslim soldiers

bring the Indian States ald protect the Indian

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A Indian soldier Mangal Pandey's hanging was the spark for the mutiny which from Meerut spread to Delhi Kanpur and Central India The soldiers marched to Delhi and proclaimed Bahadur Shah Zafar as their leader Leadership was provided by leaders like Nana Sahib, Tantiya Tope, Rani Lakshmi Bai etc

The British however using superior strength, lack of coordination between groups and helped by other Indians like Sikhs and Gurkhas succeeded in subduing the resistance. The war of independence was a source of inspiration for carrying on the freedom struggle It highlighted the injustices, the values of freedom and need to be united It leads to the significant changes in how India was to be controlled and administered.