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Water is the most restrictive abiotic component of plant growth and productivity and is a major determinant of global vegetation distribution. Since ancient times, humans have recognized the thirst for water in plants. This is evident from the existence of irrigation systems at the beginning of recorded history. The importance of water to plants is due not only to the distribution of organic and inorganic molecules, but also to its central role in growth and photosynthesis. Despite this dependence, plants store less than 5% of the water absorbed by the roots for cell expansion and plant growth. The rest is released directly into the atmosphere through plants, a process known as transpiration.

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mitochondria, microscope

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tissue

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diffusion on living organisms

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osmosis in animal cells
osmosis in plant cells

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the active site

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temperature and enzyme activity
pH and enzyme activity

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vitamins, minerals

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antibiotics (15.2 medicinal drugs)

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types of teeth

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the stomach

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xylem
part of plants
floem

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sources and sink

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double and single circulatory system
coronary arteries supply heart muscles

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heart beat
valves in the heart

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RBC, WBC, platelets, transport in the blood

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aerobic and anaerobic respiration

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gas exchange surface
the alveoli
gas exchange in the lungs

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exercise and breathing rate
breathing in and out

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In most environments, breathing is the primary pathway for O2 consumption. Other biological and abiotic activities can lead to consumption of O2, such as oxidation of ammonium, sulfides, or iron (described above in relation to iron and described in more detail in Chapter 14). However, these speeds are usually low compared to exhaled breath consumption in most environments. The quality of organic carbon that can be consumed is a major determinant of respiratory rate. Easily metabolized molecules such as monosaccharides can lead to higher respiratory rates  than  less bioavailable sources (such as cellulose).

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what cardiac organs there are and the functions