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George Eastman was an American entrepreneur who created the Kodak Brownie camera, which was released to the public in 1900. He created the camera with the popular slogan, "You press the button, we do the rest." He founded the Eastman Kodak Company in 1888, in which he continued to lead innovations.

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The Kodak Brownie Camera was released to the public in 1900, selling for only $1 each. This allowed for mass distribution for public access. It was a very small camera that was within reach of the working class, which made it so that everyone could take photographs.

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This photograph was taken on a Kodak Brownie camera of George Eastman. These photographs connected people in distance and captured a flux of life to the public. With ordinary people starting to take photographs, having a picture of an event or vacation seemed to be necessary to prove that it actually happened.

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Picture Postcards: Eastman Kodak Company

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Picture Postcards: Eastman Kodak Company

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The Kodak Company created picture postcards in 1908. Founded by George Eastman, the company made products that helped the public become better photographers.

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Picture postcards were a cheap way to send photographs to friends and family. Kodak offered to print nay photograph on a postcard with no extra charge. Kodak was able to print postcards on a strong paper base for sending with area on the back to write a message.

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Postcards allowed people to share events with others and allowed them to see what other communities were like. This was a simple way for people to get to know more about each other and things they do in life. People sent postcards for many reasons, but mainly for showing family important events, such as a wedding or a newborn.

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Gilbert Grosvenor was the full-time editor for the magazine, National Geographic. He created magazine photography in 1905 by publishing a picture of Lhasa in Tibet in the National Geographic magazine that everyone loved.

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The National Geographic Magazine was founded in 1888 and helped spread photographs of foreign countries and culture across the U.S.. The magazine did not start publishing these pictures until Grosvenor published one in 1905.

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Magazine photography helped spread foreign cultures through pictures of people in other countries in their daily lives. Readers were fascinated by other lifestyles and countries that they weren't able to experience at that time.

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Edward Curtis created documentary photography in the early 1900s. He mainly photographed Natives in North America to capture Native American culture, which was appreciated by later Native American generations.

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Edward Curtis photographed Native Americans because they were thought to disappear soon. He wanted to show what their culture was like before they were no longer able to tell it. With these photographs, there was evidence of Native American culture.

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During the early 1900s, Native Americans did not take pictures, which is why Edward Curtis's photographs are so special to later Native American generations. They are able to see how past generations lived and how their culture came to be like the rest of us.

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In 1902, Alfred Stieglitz created the Photo-Secessionist Movement to break away from amateur photography. With anyone being able to take a basic picture, Stieglitz felt that there needed to be a distinction between photography that took time and photography that took one second.

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Pictorialists smeared vaseline on their lenses by scratching the negative or painting chemicals on their prints to stimulate brushstrokes. They tried to make photography a handmade process like the other arts so people would appreciate it more.

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With the method that the Pictorialists used, their photographs looked like paintings. They helped photography become more of an art form instead of something simply done by machine. They had a darkness and a kind of sketchiness to them.

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Frank Gilbreth used film to find more efficient ways to do certain work. For example, he conducted studies in offices, hospitals, factories, etc. from about 1910 to 1924. He used a 35 mm hand crank camera, but his films are presumed to be lost.

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Gilbreth used his cyclograph technique to conduct studies of how to do the most efficient work in the least amount of time. He attached lights to a worker's finger to indicate how long a certain motion would take.

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Workers were able to develop new procedures in order to do work faster by taking out unnecessary movements, which made a lot of jobs more efficient. Although the bosses loved the techniques, some workers felt as if they were being turned into robots.

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Lewis Hine was a teacher who first used a camera as an educational tool. Inspired by Jacob Riis, he was hired by the National Child Labor Committee hoping that photographs would help make child labor illegal in 1906.

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After creating exhibitions and slideshows of child labor, the public was shocked and outraged. Hine's photographs spread across the country, as most people had never seen images of real child labor before. He created power in his images to make the audience react or feel a certain way, supporting the child labor campaign.

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With the work of Lewis Hine, child labor was outlawed in 1938 by the federal legislation. Without Hine, the fight for child labor would have been much more difficult because he proved that photography is an essential tool for social reform. The photographs he took moved people, hitting the heart and not the head first.

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Paul Strand wanted to become an artist in photography after he graduated high school. In 1915, he decided to take the next step and presented a portfolio to Alfred Stieglitz. Amazed by his work, Stieglitz claimed that Strand had created a new modern art in photography.

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Inspired by Stieglitz's words, Strand started the modernist movement and called this art form, "straight photography." This type of photography was meant to be in sharp focus and was not manipulated in the darkroom. Instead of editing pictures to look abstract, Strand took pictures in abstract ways by flipping the camera on its side or using shadows.

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Although Strand's work was appreciated by experienced photographers, Americans who weren't photographers were no longer able to see the idea or the purpose of the illustrations. Even though Americans were constantly receiving photographs, they still wanted something more than what Strand had to offer.

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In 1917, the United States was at World War I. In need of convincing Americans that this war was smart to participate in, President Wilson established the first propaganda agency.

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In order to make being a U.S. soldier look enjoyable, photographers were kept away from the front lines, away from the violence and action. No newspaper or magazine was ever permitted to publish a photograph of a dead American soldier.

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When Americans saw photographs of happy soldiers, this inspired men to enlist in the army. More men were enlisting because of how these photographs portrayed war life. If there were photographs that showcased how war was actually like, most people would not want to enlist. So, it is these propaganda photographs that got more people enlisted.

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Tabloid Journalism: The Illustrated Daily News

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Tabloid Journalism: The Illustrated Daily News

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The Daily News is the oldest tabloid newspaper in the U.S. and was the first paper to sell based on its photographs in 1919. It always had big headlines and loud pictures that attracted a lot of attention.

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Tabloids blew up stories to attract attention and make people interested in these newspapers. The Daily News always had the loudest photographs on the cover of their newspapers to get people to buy it.

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With multiple newspapers trying to be first to release new information, photographers went above to capture the best cover photos. In the 1920s, a photographer for The Daily News snuck a hidden camera into the execution chamber and placed the picture on the cover of their newspaper. This was their biggest scoop of the decade and a great example of how far the tabloid photographers will go to be on top of the news.

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Celebrity Photographer: George Hurrell and Clarence Sinclair Bull

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Celebrity Photographer: George Hurrell and Clarence Sinclair Bull

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George Hurrell and Clarence Sinclair Bull created a new type of photographer called celebrity photography in 1913. It was a new school of publicity photograph that was instantly recognizable. This type of photography created stars in Hollywood.

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George Hurrell photographed people to look glamorous, which is how these people became stars. With these photographs, he allowed ordinary people to become celebrities as long as they looked good in the photo.

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Clarence Sinclair Bull also helped pursue celebrity photography by taking glamorous pictures and making ordinary people look famous. He was the head of the stills department at MGM in 1924, inventing people's images.

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The Wire Associated Press in New York City would receive thousands of photographs everyday, minutes after they are taken via telephone line and satellite link. The photographs were then selected and distributed to news organizations around the world. The first transmission sent was in 1935.

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On January 1, 1935, a plane crash occurred as many technicians sent transmissions of a dramatic photograph of the event. Cylinders were used to record the image on a photographic plate as the still-wet print was wrapped around it.

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With the wire photo, Americans could witness huge news stories almost instantly, such as Amelia Earhart landing in California straight from Honolulu. It helped create the U.S. as one community because everyone was witnessing events at the same time.

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Murray Becker was the chief photographer of the Associated Press who captured the Hindenburg Explosion. Because of the photograph he took of the explosion, news wasn't really exciting or believable if there was no picture.

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In 1937, Murray Becker captured the first puff of the Hindenburg Explosion. He hit the trigger of the camera just as it exploded, already holding up the camera. He made three photographs from this event creating remarkable pieces of work.

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Murray Becker was using the Speed Graphic camera as he captured the Hindenburg Explosion in 1937. This is a large camera that required a process hard to get used to, including making the picture. However, Becker was able to do the process three times in 47 seconds in order to capture 3 photographs of the explosion.

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Mob Photography captured violent events that were in the more underground world, events that are too scary to deal with in life. It captured the harsh realities of crime, as this photograph shows a mob killing. People wanted to see the horrible things in life through photography and not face to face.

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WeeGee was a photographer that would capture very violent events, as he focused on staying near the police headquarters. He created sensational photographs that were featured in many publications, such as the Daily News. He would photograph things related to MOBs, such as gruesome murders.

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Although photography was used to capture beautiful things in life, it was also used to capture terrible things. One image can scar someone, especially with mob photography. These photos allowed you to see and think about everything, with no question that these terrible things truly happened.

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Henry Luce published a new magazine on November 23, 1936, shocking Americans with a large-format news magazine that used photographs to tell its stories. He called the magazine, Life, as he was fascinated with what he called "picture magic". He wrote an essay about the many powers of photography and how we were all able to see life through photos.

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First published in 1936, Life magazine was different from the others because of how it used photographs to tell stories. It opened up the world to you, as it created a universal experience for Americans to share these stories together. It was very memorable as everyone, no matter what class, could witness these stories.

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Life Magazine perfected the photo essay, arranging the photos on the page that would tell a story from the beginning to the end. You were able to tell what the story was about without reading a word in the captions or essay.

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Dorothea Lange was one of the greatest American documentary photographers, even the greatest to some. She was apart of the Farm Security Administration (FSA), which she photographed pre-World War II for. She is best known for her photographs of the Great Depression and migratory farm workers.

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The Farm Security Administration was a government established organization which used photography to sell Roosevelt's programs. Dorothea Lange, Arthur Rothstein, Russell Lee, Walker Evans, and other great photographers were brought together to tell the story of America.

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During the Great Depression, Roosevelt proposed a multitude of new government programs to deal with the economic crisis. He could not have gained the support of Congress or the public without these photographs that showcased the suffering of different families. Without these photos, America would have never truly understood what many people went through during the Great Depression.

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In the early 1940s, Gordon Parks was given the chance to work with Roy Stryker (FSA) to work against racial discrimination. After experiencing how the streets truly worked for colored people, he was inspired to use photography for social reform. He is most known for his photograph of Ella Watson in 1942.

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Gordon Parks photographed Ella Watson as she was sweeping the floor and mopping in 1942. This became the best known work of Parks's, and soon there would be more successful photos because Watson allowed Parks to visit her home and community. He took photos of black people in their daily lives to show what their communities were really like.

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When Parks showed Stryker his photo of Ella Watson, he said he would be fired for that because it was a message against America. From then on, Parks realized that photography could be a powerful tool against discrimination. He took this idea and began taking photos for social reform against racism.

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Ansel Adams photographed mountains and peaks, as he had this idea of natural spaces being connected to the American vision because of the history it represented. His photography was mistaken for geography when he was really photographing the weather. His pictures became more relevant when people started to become more concerned with ecological issues.

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Ansel Adams visited more than 40 national parks, taking the most well known pictures of them. When most people picture national parks, such as Yosemite or Yellowstone, they see Adams's photographs. He made the national parks more historical, as they had a background to their development.

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Adams created the zone system to manipulate the contrast of his landscape photos with nine different shades. The zone system divides the photo into eleven zones with pure black, nine shades of grey, and pure white. With this system, Adams was able to control his contrast perfectly, his base rule was "Expose for the shadows, develop for the highlights."

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In order to win WWII, it was important to show Americans what they were fighting against, not what they were fighting for. The Japanese were demonized as the enemy in order to gain support from Americans. Life Magazine printed a story about a soldier promising his girlfriend the skull of a Japanese.

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One of the most famous photographs produced during WWII was the Pin-Up Girl, a picture of Betty Grable that 50,000 servicemen were asking for every month. This picture led to more men enlisting in the army, as they felt like they were fighting for the pin-up girl.

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In late 1943, John Morris was sent to London to get the first pictures of the invasion for the D-Day story. Up until the photographs were released, people did not know what D-Day looked like, which is what made these pictures so important. 11 frames were saved, which will live forever to represent D-Day.

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Richard Avedon was known for breaking boundaries in the fashion industry, as he was able to create rare emotion and uniqueness. He was able to make certain fashion desirable because of the way he made the clothing look. He photographed fashion and people the way we wanted to look.

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Great photographers were able to make fashion more desirable in a picture than in real life. A simple dress could be put on a model and it would not be anything special, but when a photographer like Avedon took a picture of it, everyone seemed to want the dress. With a good picture, the fashion industry would find their powerful tool to attract more customers.

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Photographers capturing fashion made sure that their model looked desirable too. Their goal was to influence people in wishing they looked like the model in the picture, not just because of their looks but for their clothes too. Great fashion attracted more attention even if the layout of the magazine wasn't great.

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In 1955, Edward Steichen's exhibition of "The Family of Man" was presented in the Museum of Modern Art. He showcased the idea of humanism through his photography, believing that we all have the same needs and desires because we all share being human. He showed that it is important to recognize that we all share the characteristic of being human through his art.

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"The Family of Man" was presented in 1955 in the Museum of Modern Art, which was created by Steichen. It showed photos of essentially the process of family; lovers meeting, marriage, birth, and then concerns of food and shelter. The purpose of this exhibition was to show that people had the same needs and that family had the same meaning everywhere no matter what they dressed like and where they lived. It mainly symbolized humanism.

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Although the purpose of "The Family of Man" had good intentions, some were outraged by the photographs. In Moscow, a Nigerian man slashed and tore down prints because of how all non-Europeans, mainly Africans, were never fully clothed and were depicted as social inferiors. This contributed to the critique of Western photographs having the tendency to exoticize non-Western people.

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Robert Frank was a street photographer who rejected the idea of professional photography in the 1950s. He introduced photography as real-life, as they represented the truth of the world. He was very influential for other photographers, as he shot the world as it truly was.

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Robert Frank's photograph titled "The Americans" was very influential because it challenged documentary photography by not being influenced by the emotions of the photographer. He was often criticized for this picture for general sloppiness, but the off-balance and out-of-focus of the picture represents how he felt about America; alienating and foreign.

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Street Photography was meant to show the real world, not a fantasy, as most photos were professional. Photographers showed the truth in their pictures, standing for something meaningful. Great photographers showed that in a huge country not everyone will fit in, as the American dream is not a one-size-fits-all.

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The Black Press was able to record and spread news about injustices through photography. Other newspapers never covered topics that made America look bad, but the Black Press always covered the truth. If it weren't for photography, the Black Press would not be able to prove that these injustices even happened.

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In 1955, Emmet Till, 14 years old at the time, was beaten to death because he was accused of whistling at a white woman. If it weren't for one photo of him after he was beaten, Till's murder may have gone unnoticed. His picture was only published in the Black Press, which inspired civil rights movements.

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The photo of Till after he was murdered was very horrific, as it scared many other black kids who were the same age as Till. Because they all saw the same photograph, the Emmet Till generation was able to connect and vow to get even someday. The black southerners who became active in the late 50's were apart of the Emmet Till generation.

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Danny Lyon was inspired to create photography with a compelling subject. He learned about the civil rights movements and how black people were being discriminated against. He took it upon himself to photograph these oppressions because no one else was covering them.

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Lyon went to Albany, Georgia to visit movement headquarters and was told to photograph the water fountains in the courthouse. He realized that there were thousands of these but very few pictures of them. To help civil rights movements, it was important to Lyon to spread awareness of these segregated items for white and black people.

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Lyon was the first to truly photograph the civil rights movements, as no one really knew what was going on because the protests were not being covered by anyone. The movement did not become a big subject until Birmingham, in which stories covered police letting police dogs loose on crowds. Without these photographs, this movement would continue to go unnoticed.

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One of the big four photographs during the Vietnam War was a monk lighting himself on fire, photographed by Malcome Browne. Unlike the other wars, the Vietnam war had no censorship. Imagining a horrifying event like this was much different than seeing it in front of your eyes, as most newspapers showed the photo.

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Eddie Adams photographed General Loan executing a suspect on the streets of Saigon, which appeared on the front pages of the newspapers. This really struck people because seeing a death in front of your own eyes is more shocking than only hearing about it. This photograph was symbolic to everything that was happening in the war.

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This photograph of a little Vietnamese girl, Phan Thi Kim Phuc, was taken by Nick Ut, as she is running from the American army after being napalmed. This photo really terrified some people because the photo made you feel as if you were there because the girl was running towards you. Seeing devastating events proved to be very different from only hearing about them, as you experience the emotion and not just the facts.

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In 1970, John Filo took this photograph of Mary Ann Vecchio leaning over a murdered student at Kent State. The students were protesting against governmental action, which they had the right to do, and were murdered for it. This image allowed audiences to feel the emotion that the students had as you can feel the anger from Vecchio's expression.

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During the Vietnam War, Life Magazine decided to publish the faces of the soldiers who died in the war within a week. Life Magazine published every picture of the 242 young men who were killed in Vietnam. This picture is the cover of the magazine with the striking title, "The Faces of the American Dead in Vietnam: One Week's Toll."

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The public response to the magazine was immediate, as a lot of people were amazed that it took so long for Life to produce something as dramatic as this in honor of the soldiers who suffered and died in the war. It really touched people as this led to a lot more people not supporting the war. Seeing these peoples' faces really made their deaths more surreal in that you understood that they were once living normal lives like the rest of the citizens.

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Some thought that the magazine's doing was outrageous and that they were supporting the antiwar demonstrations, who were considered traitors to America. These people supported the Vietnam war, so they were threatened by the positive public response to these pictures. They thought it went against America because this inspired people to not support the war.

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In 1966, Stewart Brand began selling buttons that said, "Why haven't we seen a photograph of the whole earth yet?". The purpose of this was to get people to realize that the earth is not infinite by seeing an actual picture of it from space. A few years after Brand selling the buttons, photographs of the whole earth were released.

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In 1968, Apollo 8 was sent to space where William Anders took a photograph of the half-lit planet earth rising over the bleak landscape of the moon. This was the first picture people saw of the earth, as it was very different from a globe with color-coded political boundaries.

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When people saw the Earth as a whole, they started calling it "Spaceship Earth" because we were all in Earth moving through space together. Seeing the photograph created a sort of unity as to everyone living on the same Earth because nothing was color-coded to separate the territories.

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Explained by Deborah Wills, old contemporary photographers would photograph African Americans in the same way to make stereotypical images with children wearing tattered clothes or looking unhappy. A popular stereotypical image was African Americans eating watermelon, as shown in the photo. These types of images did not represent black people in a truthful way.

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With these pervasive images of African Americans, their ethnic story was being told by someone else; these photographers. These manipulating photographs were able to control African Americans by shaping them to be seen a certain way by the rest of the world. The power of these stereotypical photos allowed people to assume their ethnic story.

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Today, contemporary photographers try to tell a different story by turning the images around. They want to represent African American culture in a positive way, as we see the materiality in this photo taken by Deana Lawson. With close attention to the details of their fashion, a new materiality is highlighted in black culture.

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Photographs began to be used very early in crime scenes, as people tend to believe everything they see. The position of the body and other details were very important, as they were evidence for what people claimed. They allowed people to believe you right away once you showed the photos of the crime scene.

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Photography was used to affect the sympathy and hearts of the jurors. Skilled prosecutors would present a picture of the victim at the crime scene and one of them in good health to show the contrast between the living person and how they were no longer able to be that person anymore. This did not give any additional logical evidence, but it emotionally drew the jury in.

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Joel Steinberg and Hedda Nussbaum were accussed of the death of a child that lived with them. The photographs told the entire story, but the pictures of Nussbaum told more about the case. We see that she was suffering mass abuse from Steinberg, which would be more difficult to prove without pictures. This also emotionally hit the jury with evidence of the abuse.

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Photo op was getting the opportunity to photograph a public figure/celebrity, which could do a lot of damage to or uplift a person. How the photographer portrayed the subject had a strong influence on the public, which is why President Kennedy always turned his back to the camera until he was truly ready for pictures. The persona that the celebrities wanted to portray was important and needed to shine through the pictures in order to gain public support.

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Photo op can be used as propaganda because the camera can portray a person much differently than they really are. This was used against President Nixon, as he just looked like a very disturbed person. Yet, whenever he spoke he would portray himself differently than the pictures. However, photo op had more power over his words, as people believed he was truly the man in the pictures.

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A lot of politicians, like Ronald Reagan, had teams that made sure everything for a picture was already set and perfect; the lighting, background, etc.. However, there will always be photos of dramatic celebrities that happen in an instant without any preparation like this photo of Reagan. These photo ops can be used as propaganda because they only catch celebrities in tough times or when they are doing something bad in the public eye.

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David Turnley made a great difference in the Gulf War with one photograph in 1991. After the Vietnam war, it was clear that the government did not want to take that sacrifice again and show the real bloodshed of the war. When Turnley arrived in Gulf, he was only given the option to join a press pool and not be able to photograph the casualties of war. Not being able to do his job, he left the unit and was able to take a very memorable picture on a Blackhawk helicopter on the last day of war.

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Turnley took this photo in 1991 as the medics had just placed a body bag in the helicopter with the soldier on the left realizing he had just lost his best friend. This photographed symbolized the right that these soldiers had to have their stories be told. If Turnley had not refused to stay in the press pod, Americans would not have understood the real sacrifice that these soldiers made.

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Turnley's photographs represented the reality of war and honoring the soldiers who sacrificed their lives. He felt that without releasing pictures of casualties of war, the government was denying their right to be heroes. If the country couldn't see what the soldiers truly went through, the soldiers would never really feel appreciated. It was also important for Turnley to show families what war is really like if someone wanted to send their son to war.

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Digital photos have been a great benefit, but also caused problems with photo manipulation. In 1994, magazines appeared on the newsstands with the exact same mugshot of O.J. Simpson. Newsweek printed the photograph exactly how it was, but Time Magazine digitally changed it to make his skin tones darker. This photo manipulation caused a lot of controversy, as people thought that Time Magazine was trying to make Simpson look more sinister. This causes magazines, like Time Magazine, to lose credibility because one of the pictures had to have been digitally changed.

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With the digital age, certain artists were able to produce images of how people would look later in their age. This was very helpful for finding missing children. For example, Steve Loftin, a forensic artist, created a picture of Cheryl Morrisen, who went missing at 7 years old, as a 17-year-old girl because that was how old she was at that time. Using references and digital tools, citizens got a better idea of what Morrisen would look like at that time in order to recognize her, as they were no longer looking for a little girl, but a teenager.

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Many children were found because of age progression photos, such as Joseph Carson in 2006. Someone happened to recognize Carson in an auto parts store because of his age progression photo on a PSA. Without digital photography, this skill would not have been used, which could have led to a lot more missing children not being found.

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Andy Warhol: Pictorials Morphed into Fine Art

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Andy Warhol: Pictorials Morphed into Fine Art

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Andy Warhol was very fascinated with photographic images and how they worked. He was interested in the ideas of what movie stars, fashion, and glamour meant; what attracts the most attention? He takes pictures and drops out the detailing, makes them abstract looking, makes silk screens, and then creates multiple paintings. Then he paints them, focusing on the idea that we shouldn't focus on making more photos but understanding what photography means.

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Laurie Simmons expressed this idea that our image of life is what we see on television, magazines, etc.. Photography is used to show us a certain way of life. Simmons took photographs of plastic figures in a doll house to show that life is so second hand that dolls could represent it.

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Richard Prince showed that photography can be represented as art when he re-photographed the Marlboro ads. This picture was originally on a Marlboro ad with text on it, but Prince decided to take the text away and crop it in a way that presented a beautiful image of the West. He turned this work into art, as it sold for millions.