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Documentation photography is taking photographs to give information or evidence of something. It was largely popularized by Edward Curtis in 1900, when he started doing expeditions around the USA to take pictures of the nation's indigenous peoples.

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In 1900, Edward Curtis went on an expedition to Montana to photograph the state's Native American population. For the better part of 40 years, Edward Curtis took photographs of Native Americans to show their way of life and take pictures of the people he believed would disappear.

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This is the map that Edward Curtis used on his expeditions to take pictures of Native American tribes.

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Edward Curtis' pictures have influenced the modern day view of how Native Americans looked like and lived to a large extent. If Native Americans he encountered did not look the way he wanted, he would fix them with props he had on hand. This invented a fantasy, giving people a certain view of these people.

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On February 1, 1900, a box camera called the "Brownie" was released by the Eastman Kodak Company to the general public. It was a major hit, not only for its low price, but also for its ability to produce snapshots.

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While the year 1880 is technically the birth of a company which would eventually become Kodak, it is in fact 1900, when George Eastman introduced the Brownie, that the Eastman Kodak Company became the iconic company we know today.

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Snapshots are shot spontaneously and can be taken anytime anywhere. The Brownie allowed people to capture important moments in their lives for documentation purposes. These snapshots were typically of a circular print, as shown above.

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Alfred Stieglitz is the father of fine art photography, or pictorialism, which breaks away from commercial and "artless" snapshot photography. He made photography a handmade and artistic process.

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Pictorialism is a type of fine-art photography. It was started in the USA and was called the "Photo-Secessionist movement". The Photo-Secessionist movement showed that photography could be art.

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One way Pictorialists would take pictures was by manipulating the photographic negative. This was done in darkroom to help give a rich atmosphere to photos.

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Another method that Pictorialists would use to take pictures was smearing Vaseline on their lenses. This helped the pictures gain a seductive quality.

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Another thing that Pictorialists would use to achieve the "pictorial" effect was chemicals. They would paint chemicals (gum bichromate and gum bromoil) on their prints like brushstrokes to manipulate an image.

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The first ever photo in National Geographic was of Lhasa, Tibet.

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National Geographic was the first US magazine to use mass production of photographs to make an impact. Originally a scientific journal, things changed in 1905 when National Geographic pictures of different parts of the world. These images were a big hit and the public loved them because it exposed them to other people and customs. National Geographic eventually pioneered printing in color.

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Gilbert Grosvenor was an American geographer, writer and was the first full-time editor of the National Geographic. In order to increase circulation, Grosvenor began publishing photos of the "Wonders of the World".

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The first issue of National Geographic did not feature any pictures, only words.

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The beginning of the 20th century gave birth to many different types of magazine photography that we know today. For most of the 19th century, photographs could not be reproduced in magazines, but could only be glued in by hand. But the invention of halftone (developed in London) soon made it possible to print photographs directly onto a page. Gilbert Grosvenor was the first to use this to increase circulation of images.

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Social reform photography is using photographs to advocate for social change. Lewis Hine began using his photos of child laborers to educate and influence people. These photos caused public outrage and led to state and federal legislation that outlawed child labor.

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When hired for the National Child Labor Committee, Lewis Hine began to take pictures of child laborers and put these pictures into exhibitions and slide shows for the USA's general public.

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The Effect of Social Reform Photography 

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The Effect of Social Reform Photography 

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There were many people petitioning to bring an end to child labor. But it was Social Reform photography that showed that photography has power and can bring about change, maybe even more than just writing.

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In 1908, George Eastman developed Kodak Picture Postcards. They soon became a cheap way to send photographs to friends and family or anyone who lived faraway. Picture Postcards soon paved the way for photo montages.

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Motion Studies was invented in the early 20th century in order to analyze movement through photography. It was highly popularized by Frank Gilbreth in the USA.

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It was around 1914, Frank Gilbreth began using photographs to analyze workers' actions. He worked for the US government and was called upon to give assistance during World War I. Gilbreth would use these photographs to break down a worker's every action into small parts to find the best method of working. His goal was to find the way to make workers move faster and reach maximum efficiency.

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Motion studies helped make skilled workers by analyzing what they were doing wrong. It has impacted many things, such as the medical world or golf world. Gilbreth would attach flashing lights to worker;s fingers to see the amount of time a motion would take. This was called the cyclograph technique.

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In 1915, Paul Strand developed "straight photography". Straight photography is when there is no distortion of an image, only emphasis on the selection and framing of a picture. This was done in order to make photographs "face reality".

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Straight photography meant that there was no longer photographs were no longer manipulated like they were for pictorialism. No longer did photographers manipulate photographs in darkroom. The point was to keep pictures the way they looked in the view finder while simultaneously emphasizing shapes, forms, sharp focus, and shadows.

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How Modernism became Advertisement (1920s)

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How Modernism became Advertisement (1920s)

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By the 1920s, photographs began replacing drawings in printed advertising. A photograph had the ability to show a product in a direct way and get more people to buy certain products. This idea came from Modernism photography, which largely consisted of object-based photos.

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Propaganda photography is when photos are taken to promote a certain political stance that is either biased or misleading. It was highly popularized upon the US's inclusion in World War I.

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Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States. He established the Committee on Public Information, America's World War I Propaganda Agency. This committee fed material to newspapers, magazines and advertisements and even created posters to spread propaganda about the war.

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Propaganda photography gained more enthusiastic support for the war and got more people enlisted. Photographers were kept away from the front lines and most combat photos were posed. No dead bodies were even shown. While this rallied the country to the cause, it censored the actual horrors of the war. These would not be exposed until later.

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The Illustrated Daily News (based in New York) was the first to pioneer tabloid journalism. To get people to buy their newspapers, they would have to put the loudest and most brash titles and pictures on the cover.

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Tabloid Journalism, another form of magazine photography, is the use of extreme pictures in newspapers to attract attention. It begun in New York, USA.

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Many tabloid photographs were staged. Newspaper companies would use their staff at the newspaper, copy boys or stenographers and then pose them for photos. This became known as composograph.

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Babe Ruth was the first sports star to have his image marketed. As a celebrity, he earned millions.

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Celebrity photography involved taking and releasing photos of celebrities for the public's enjoyment. This was kickstarted in the USA to attract ordinary people and make them feel like they could have a relationship with their favorite celebrities.

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George Hurrell and Clarence Sinclair Bull

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George Hurrell and Clarence Sinclair Bull

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The originators of celebrity photography in the US were George Hurrell and Clarence Sinclair Bull. They contributed to this "image of glamour" and made celebrities even more famous by taking portraits of movie stars and the like.

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Because people felt like they could have a close relationship with people they idolized so much, many people became celebrity obsessed.

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WeeGee was most known for taking crime scene pictures in New York. He would always know when someone was going to die, likely because he was a mobster himself.

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WeeGee, originally named Usher Fellig, was a known as the "mob photographer" and photojournalist in New York, USA. He would always take pictures of mobsters either right before they died or after they died. He would then sell these photos (as well as photos from other news events) to big time publications. He believed that people didn't want to see pictures about nice things, they wanted to see pictures of terrible things, the things to scary to see in real life.

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The Associated Press, originally located in Rockefeller Center in New York City, was a global news organization dedicated to journalism.

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The AP Wire photo service was developed after a wire photo was taken of a plane crash in Upstate New York. Wire photos could be transmitted via telephone lines, or wire services.

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The Wire photo allowed photos to be transmitted quickly. This allowed for more photos to be in newspapers and for Americans to actually feel like they were witnessing the events themselves because the photos were released so soon.

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The FSA, or the Farm Security Administration, was a propaganda agency set in place by the US government that would use photographs that would show that the US was a great country despite economic crisis. It was established in the Great Depression in 1937. Over 6 years, FSA photographers took a quarter of a million photographs. They were free of charge and readily available in newspapers, magazines, exhibits and books. In the words of Roy Stryker, the FSA “introduced America to Americans” and showed that America would endure.

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Dorothea Lang was one of the people chosen by Roy Stryker to be an FSA photographer. She was an American photographer and photojournalist, best known for her work during the Depression-era.

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The stock market crash of 1929 to 1939 was what caused the a period known as the "Great Depression" in the United States.

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Murray Becker was a key photographer of the Hindenburg explosion. He took photos using the speed graphic for the Associated Press.

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The speed graphic was a large camera with a max speed of 1/1000 seconds.Pictures on a speed graphic were taken by putting a film holder in the camera, taking out a slide that exposes the film to the shutter, putting the slide on the back of the camera, and then cocking the shutter. Then, you take the slide back out, put it in the holder, turn the holder to the side the film is on, put it in the camera, pull the slide, put it back in and cock the shutter.

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The Hindenburg Explosion was May 6, 1937. It was the crash of a Nazi dirigible in Lakehurst, New Jersey. The Hindenburg burned in 47 seconds. From here on out, all news needed to have pictures to be newsworthy.

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Henry Luce founded Life Magazine in 1936 and introduced "picture magic". He pioneered photographic essays, which beheld the power of photography.

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Life Magazine's photo essay was a documentary style of photography that told narratives through images.

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The first publication of Life was dropped November 23, 1936. It was an immediate sell out because it opened the world up to viewers, which was a big deal in amid the Great Depression. Life had a little of everything in it: politics, fashion, movies, and advertising.

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In the 1940s, Gordon Parks was recruited to come to Washington DC by Roy Stryker. There he began taking photos to combat racial discrimination on the streets of the Nation's capital.

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Social Reform Photography Revamped (1940s)

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Social Reform Photography Revamped (1940s)

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Social reform photography in the 1940s was used to combat racial discrimination in the US. Roy Stryker believed that photographs could combat racial discrimination and enlisted Gordon Parks to do so.

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Social reform photography in the 1940s showed that photographs cause reaction and that the camera is a powerful instrument against discrimination, poverty, racism and more.

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The Zone System is a system of exposure techniques and tone range. It is purely scientific and is a precise way to process black and white photography. The Zone System has a scale of 11 tone values, from pure black in Zone 0 to pure white in Zone X.

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Ansel Adams was an American photographer and environmentalist most known for his white and black landscape images. He was inspired from the simplicity in Paul Strand's images and went on to created the Zone system with Fred Archer.

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Ansel Adams and the Development of National Parks

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Ansel Adams and the Development of National Parks

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Ansel Adams is most famous for his photographs of Yosemite and other national parks. He worked alongside the National Park. Service for most of his career, taking assignments as a commercial photographer. He even advocated for the establishment of King Canyon as a national park in 1936.

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Margaret Bourke-White was a combat photographer would documented the horror of the Holocaust, a turning point in human consciousness.

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World War II began on December 7, 1941. Its key participants were "The Big 5" - the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and France. It was started upon Hitler's invasion of Poland in September 1939, which drove. Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany. FSA Photographers and Life magazine were raced to the front lines to capture the events that would unfold.

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A photo taken by Margaret Bourke-White of the people in a concentration camp.

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From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies established more than 44,000 camps. These camps were used for force labor, to detain enemies of the state and for mass murder. Jewish people were the largest group incarcerated.

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One of the most popularized forms of photography during this time period was propaganda photography. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, photography was used to demonize Japanese people and this eventually led to much of the US's Japanese population being put into internment camps.

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Pin-Up Girl Betty Grable was one of the cultural icons of the 1940s. At the height of the war, 50,000 servicemen a month were asking for the picture above. Betty Grable's photo was everywhere on fighter planes, barrack walls, and the like. The Pin-Up girl gave American soldiers a little hope and happiness during the war.

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On June 6, 1944, D-Day was when Allied Forces invaded Northern France, ultimately crushing Germany and bringing an end to the war in Northern France. The first pictures of the invasion will last forever.

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Shown above is a picture taken by Joe Rosenthal that shows the flag being raised on Iwo Jima on top of Mt. Suribachi. After a long and bloody course, this picture represents victory.

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Fashion photography, which became popularized in the 40s, most prominently featured beautiful people posed in clothing that looked best through a camera lens.

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Richard Avedon was an American fashion and portrait photographer, most known for his work with Harper's Bazaar (which he began in 1944). His images set the standard for sleek and urban elegance in photography, especially used to highlight fashion's allure.

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Fashion photography created the way people wanted to look. Richard Avedon took an average piece of clothing and made the clothes look even better in photos. This made people feel the need to go to the store and buy the clothes. They liked how certain pieces looked on the model and wanted it for themselves when, in reality, the clothing never quite looked like it did in the photo.

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Edward Steichen was an Luxembourgish American photographer, painter and curator. He was and is most known for the way he influenced photography.

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The Family of Man was released on January 24, 1955. It was a fusion of carefully selected photos and captions displayed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Its main purpose was to show that mankind is one. It included 500 photos from 68 countries

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This display moved viewers. During the aftermath of the war, it provided great revelation and brought many people into museums for the first time.

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Street photography rejected the perfect lighting and composition of professional picture in favor of taking pictures on the street. Therefor, it was less certain than professional photography.

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Robert Frank was a Swiss photographer and documentary filmmaker. He is most known for his rendering of American life through his favorite medium, street photography.

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Street photography's main purpose proved to be representing everyone and thus introduced a new development in the photography world.

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Emmett Till was a 14 year old black boy who, upon his visit to Mississippi, was brutally murdered after being accused of flirting with a white girl.

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The Black Press was a magazine created by and for black people in the 20th century. In 1955, the Black Press was the only newspaper to publish an image of Emmett Till’s mutilated body on their front page, followed up by pictures of his assailants. The picture was focused on his face, which was beaten beyond recognition.

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Emmett Till's murder caused international outrage and brought awareness to the situation in the South. Social reform photography was spurred once again.

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Civil Rights Photography, another form of social reform photography, was used to bring awareness to the cause and even to raise funds to overthrow segregation laws.

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Danny Lyon was an American photographer and filmmaker. He is most known for his contribution to Civil Rights Photography at the height of the movement.

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Civil Rights Photography served as evidence of the brutality of white Southerners. Such photography largely consisted of sit-ins, freedom rides, voter registration events and helped expose the cruelty of segregation and discrimination. This especially proved to be the case with the events in Birmingham, which depicted photos of the police turning police dogs loose and hosing down crowds.

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"Photo Op", a term first coined by the Nixon Administration, quite literally means "Photo Opportunity." This was utilized by almost all presidents to avoid exposing pictures of them being released. Photo Op gives full power over a photo and takes away the "surprise" element. Everything is preplanned and arranged, down to from the camera angle to lighting. This was especially useful for presidents like Nixon who did not photograph well. In contrast, Reagan and Kennedy photographed quite well.

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The Vietnam War was the war between Communist North Vietnam and South Vietnam (whose principal ally was the US). Active US involvement began in 1954 and their efforts were only intensified by the Cold War. The Vietnam War was so significant because there was no censorship, which opened the door to much photography. Photos taken exposed the horrors of the war.

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Malcolm Browne was an American journalist and photographer. He was best know for his Pulitzer prize winning photograph of the self-immolation of Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc.

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In Saigon on June 10, 1963, Buddhist monk Quang Duc set himself on fire to protest the persecution of Buddhists by the South Vietnamese government. This was significant because it gained international attention and led to Kennedy saying that it was time to get rid of the Diem regime.

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William Anders was a US Air Force major general, an electrical engineer, a nuclear engineer, a business man and a NASA astronaut. He was the first of three people to travel to the moon. Anders circled it 10 times and photographed the iconic image Earthrise.

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In 1968, the first edition of "Whole Earth Catalog" was published. It was a printed directory that featured various resources in regards to various topics. In 1969, the Whole Earth Catalog published a photo of Earthrise.

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From December 21-27, 1968, the Apollo 8 (the first crewed spacecraft) left low Earth orbit and reached the moon. On this flight, William Anders captured the image entitled "Earthrise".

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On February 1, 1968, Eddie Adams of the Associated Press caught the moment that General Nguyen Ngoc Loan sent a bullet through a man's brain in Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam. Viet Cong fighter Nguyen Van Lem was suspected of having killed a senior officer of the Republic of Vietnam National Police. This photo spread like rapid fire, appearing on television and then on the front pages of the paper. People were stunned because of the brutality of the Vietnam war which helped bring a shift in public opinion.

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Eddie Adams was an American photographer and photojournalist who's best known phot was of the execution of Nguyen Van Lem. This image eventually went on to win the Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography in 1969.

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What started as an idea in 1966 became reality as the Apollo 8 space capsule rounded the horizon, Anders soon photographing the half-lit planet rising over the moon. This image became iconic because it marked the first time that people saw Earth. It showed that we’re all moving together through space and that Earth is beautiful.

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In June 1969, LIFE magazine published a feature entitled "Vietnam: One Week's Dead". LIFE published both the picture and name of the the 242 young men who were killed in the 7 days in connection with the events in Vietnam. Some were amazed that such a measure to honor these ones was taken while others were outraged and felt that LIFE supported the anti-war traitors of America.

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Ethnic Self Representation: A Continuation of Civil Rights Photography (1970s)

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Ethnic Self Representation: A Continuation of Civil Rights Photography (1970s)

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Ethnic self representation, most commonly related to black people, was a direct result of the Civil Rights Movement. The 1970s was a time period marked the emergence of black culture and identity. Black people began to take photos that were representative of their own narratives, which deviated from commonly known stereotypes at the time. Ethnic self representation showed black people living their daily lives and allowed them more control over how they were portrayed.

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John Filo is an American photographer who is most famous for his picture of 14-year old Mary Ann Vecchio. Vecchio is seen kneeling over the dead body of Jeffrey Miller, one of the victims of the Kent State shootings. This won John Filo the 1971 Pulitzer Prize.

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On May 4, 1970, the US National Guard opens fire on students protesting against governmental action at Kent State. John Filo captures the moment in which Mary Ann Vecchio is seen kneeling over the body of a slain student. Not only did this incident serve as the inspiration for the song “Ohio”, but it overall caused anger amongst the general public that this was done to students.

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Huynch Cong Ut, most commonly known as Nick Ut, is a Vietnamese-American photographer who worked with the Associated Press. Thanks to his world famous photo of the "Napalm Girl", he won both the 1973 Pultizer Prize for Spot News Photography and the 1973 World Press Photo of the Year.

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Phan Thi Kim Phuc, "The Napalm Girl" (1972) 

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Phan Thi Kim Phuc, "The Napalm Girl" (1972) 

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On June 8, 1972, Nick Ut snapped a photo of a group of children running from a village that had just been napalmed by a South Vietnamese Air Force Skyraider. At the center of the photo is 9 year old Phan Thi Kim Phuc, who soon became known as the "Napalm Girl". This image proved to be a defining image of the war because it made the horrors of the Vietnam War more real. It also showed that pictures hold an emotional element, you can hear something or read something in a newspaper, but it won't have the same effect as seeing a photo.

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Starting with WeeGee in the 1920s, Evidence or Crime scene photography really blew up after the events in Vietnam and well as with the events during the Civil Rights Movement. People only believe stuff when they see it with their own eyes which is why photographs are especially useful to convict criminals. You can’t forget what happened at a crime scene if it stares us in the face.

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The Gulf War was triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990 and was largely centered in Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia's border.

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David Turnley is a American photographer. He has won numerous awards such as the Pulitzer Prize, two World Press Photos of the Year and the Robert Capa Award for Courage. One of Turnley's most famous pictures is a picture from the Gulf War in 1991.

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David Turnley was on a Blackhawk helicopter when he captured the medics placing a body bag of a soldier's best friend.

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There was tons of censorship of the Gulf War. Because of the Vietnam War, photographers had to join a press pool, be attached to a public affairs officer, and could not take photos of war casualties. This led America to believe that they were getting the “straight story” but that was a sham. This also showed, once again, that photographs have great power, which is why the US government didn’t want to run the risk of another Vietnam War situation again.

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Photo Editing: The Center for Missing and Exploited Children

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Photo Editing: The Center for Missing and Exploited Children

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One good thing that digital manipulation of photographs helped do was find missing children. Forensic artists were able to use photographs to produce an image of how people might of looked. They would then distribute such computerized photos, which helped see the adolescents these children might of become. This helped find some who were missing.

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Due to computers gaining more popularity, the US went into the Digital Age as the switch from film to digital became apparent. It was a collective effort amongst many sources, such as Time Magazine, the US Postal Service, and the Center for Missing and Exploited Children. The Digital Age showed that still images are powerful and can invoke memories. The structure of an image, and even its contents, were easily changeable, which called into question the “truth value” of photography.

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Andy Warhol was an American artist, film director, and a producer. His works often delve into the relationship between artistic expression, advertisement and celebrity culture.