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19th century and start of the 20th century

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19th century and start of the 20th century

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Germany, now one unified country, saw a great economic growth. Britain realised this and became very concerned about Germany taking control of the English Channel and northwest France in case of a war.

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire gets assassinated while visiting the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo. A group of six assassins from the Yugoslavist group Mlada Bosna were behind the assassination.

After a first attempt to take Ferdinands life failed, his convoy took a wrong turn ,by coincidence, where one of the assassins, Gavrilo Princip, was standing. Princip shot Ferdinand had his wife Sofie.

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The assassination of Ferdinand led to a month of diplomatic unrest among Austria-Hungary, Germany, France and Britian. This month is called the July Crisis. Austria-Hungary (correctly) blamed the Serbian officials of the murder and sent Serbia the July Ultimatum, a list of 10 (intentionally unacceptable) demands. Serbia refused two of the demands.

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Germany, ally of Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia, ally of Serbia. Due to the assassination, tensions were high between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, and after the two countries declared war on each other, allies of both countries jumped in.

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Germany invades Luxembourg and declared war on France late at night/early in the morning. France, having alliances with Britain and Russia, sends word to all their allies, asking for help in the ensuing war.

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With a war against Germany looming for the British, the Goverment of Ireland Act of 1914 was suspended for the duration of the hostilities. Foreign Minister Edward Gray told Parliament:

"The one bright spot in the whole of this terrible situation is Ireland. [Prolonged cheers.] The general feeling throughout Ireland, and I would like this to be clearly understood abroad, does not make that a consideration that we feel we have to take into account. [Cheers.]"

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After Germany sent the Belgian government an ultimatum demanding unimpeded right of way through the entirity of Belgium, King Albert of Belgium ordered his military to resist and calls for assistance from England, under the 1839 Treaty of London. At 11 p.m. British time, the ultimatum expired and The British Empire was at war with Germany.

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Between 1915 and 1916 three conferences were held by the Allied Powers (a coalition of countries led by France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States). These conferences became known as the Chantilly Conferences, named after the French city they were held in. During these conferences, military strategies were discussed, and in 1915, Britain and France agreed to commit to a offensive on the Somme.

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The Battle of the Somme. The Brits and the French fought the German Empire on the upper reaches of the Somme, a river in France. More than three million men fought in the battle and one million men were wounded or killed, making it one of the deadliest battles in human history. Neither the Allies nor Germany were considered to be victorious in this battle, making the result indecisive.

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Germany launches Operation Michael, starting the German Spring Offensive. The goal was to break through the allied lines near Saint-Quentin, France, and advance north-west to seize the Channel Ports, which supplied the British Expeditionary Force. After nearly four weeks of fighting, German general Ludendorff terminated the offensive. German progress towards Amiens had reached its furthest point. With over 220.000 casualties on both sides, the operation was considered a loss on both sides.

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Germany, knowing they would eventually lose the ongoing war, signed an armistice (an agreement to peace). This day later became known as Armistice Day, and with the signing of said armistice, World War 1 came to an end.

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The signing of the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in the Palace of Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which led to the war. The other Central Powers on the German side signed separate treaties.

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Versailles, 28 June 1919. Signing of the peace treaty