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Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells.

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Interphase is when the cell grows & duplicates it's DNA in preparation for division.

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Prophase is when chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.

The nuclear envelope begins to break down.

The mitotic spindle starts forming.

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Metaphase is when chromosomes align at the cells equatorial plane (Metaphase Plate).

The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes.

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Anaphase is when the sister chromatics pull apart towards opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers.

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Telophase is when the chromatics reach the poles & begin to de-condense into chromatin.

The nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes.

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Cytokinesis (not part of Mitosis but follows it)

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Cytokinesis (not part of Mitosis but follows it)

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Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm divides,forming two daughter cells, each with identical genetic material.

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Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces 4 genetically unique haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells).

Meiosis ensures genetic variation through crossing over (Prophase 1) & independent assortment (Metaphase 1) making each gamete unique.

It consists or 2 consecutive divisions Meiosis 1( reductional division & Meiosis 2- equational division.

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Prophase 1 is when chromosomes condense & become visible.

Homologous chromosomes pair up in a process called synapsis, forming tetrads.

Crossing over occurs, where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, increasing genetic diversity.

The nuclear envelope breaks down & spindle fibers form.

Prophase 2

Prophase 2 is when chromosomes condense again and the spindle apparatus reforms.

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Metaphase 1 is when homologous chromosomes pair & aligns at the metaphase plate.

Spindle fibers attach to centromeres.

Metaphase 2

Metaphase 2 is when chromosomes align individually at the metaphase plate.

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Anaphase 1 is when homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles.(Sister chromatics remain together).

This reduces the chromosomes number by half.

Anaphase 2

Anaphase 2 is when sister chromatids are separated & pulled to opposite poles.

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Telophase 1 & Cytokinesis is when chromosomes reach the poles & the nuclear membrane may reform.

The cytoplasm divides, producing 2 haploid cells, each with half the original chromosome number.

Telophase 2 & Cytokinesis

Telophase 2 is when chromosomes reach the poles, nuclear membranes reform, & the cytoplasm divides.

4 genetically unique haploid gametes are produced.

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Mitosis- one cell division. Produces 2 identical daughter cells.

Meiosis- 2 consecutive cell division. Produces 4 genetically unique daughter cells.

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Mitosis- daughter cells are clones of the parent cell, maintaining genetic consistency.

Meiosis- daughter cells are genetically different due to crossing over & independent assortment.

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Mitosis- maintains the diploid chromosome number.

Meiosis- reduces the haploid for gamete formation.

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Mitosis- homologous chromosomes do not pair or exchange genetic material.

Meiosis- homologous chromosomes pair up & undergo crossing over, leading to genetic diversity.

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Mitosis- sister chromatids separate in anaphase.

Meiosis 1- Homogous Chromosomes separate, reducing chromosomes number.

Meiosis 2- sister chromatids separate.

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Mitosis- growth, repair & a sexual reproduction. Producing identical cells.

Meiosis- sexual reproduction producing genetically diverse gametes.

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Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of genetic material at points called Chiasmata.

The process recombines genes from material & paternal Chromosomes, creating new allele combinations.

As a result the chromosomes that separate into gametes are not identical to those inherited from the parents.

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Homologous chromosome pairs align randomly at the metaphase plate.

Each pair sorts independently of the others leading to different combinations of maternal & paternal chromosomes in gametes.

The process ensures that each gamete & ultimately each off spring is genetically unique, promoting diversity within a species.

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It states that alleles for different genes segregate independently of one another during gamete formation (Meiosis).

This means that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another, as long as the genes are located on different Chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome.

Mendel's Law helps explain genetic variation & is fundamental to understanding how traits are inherited across generations.

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Fowler,S.,Roush,R.& Wise, J. (2023,Jan 9) Concepts of Biology Open Stax College

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