# data[].attributes.body
The first ever cruise ships were built with the purpose of mail delivery over seas; and in the early 1800's steamships began to replace sailing ships as companies realised they were much more efficient and travelled at a faster speed. This was then when the RMS Britannia launched in 1840 by the British Cunard Line. The RMS Britannia was the first major steamship that was used for passenger transport. The ship was also designed for transatlantic passenger service and this primarily took place between Liverpool and Boston. Mail transport was a main factor of the reason that cruise ships travelled to specific places; and transatlantic steamships often carried mail which was critical for communication between countries in the 1800's. Passengers on transatlantic ships were typically immigrants, business travellers, or people that were seeking better living conditions. The SS Prince Albert cruise ships was then launched as the first cruise ship that was built specifically for tourism and leisure purposes. The SS Prince Albert was owned by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. The company launched and sold the first leisure cruise tickets on the SS Prince Albert ship in 1844, where they offered tourists a trip around London and the Mediterranean Sea. This marked a shift from purely transportation to voyages aimed at pleasure and relaxation; which laid the foundation for the modern cruise industry.

# data[].attributes.headline
First time cruises were used for leisure purposes 

# data[].attributes.subject
First time cruises were used for leisure purposes 

# data[].attributes.body
P&O introduced passenger cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind. P&O cruises is the world's oldest cruise line. However, it was the Prinzessin Victoria Luise, launched in 1900 by the German Hamburg - America Line, that marked a significant milestone as the first purpose - built luxury cruise ship. The Prinzessin Victoria Luise was designed specifically for leisure, offering wealthy passengers luxurious accommodation, fine dining, and onboard entertainment. This combination of luxury and relaxation set the stage for the modern cruise industry, where leisure and pleasure have become the central focus of cruise travel.

# data[].attributes.body
There have been a few times over history when cruising has had to stop due to large events, especially World War 1, World War 2 and COVID - 19. During World War 1 the cruise industry came to a standstill. Many countries were involved within the war, so this meant that all leisure activities stopped and instead people were redirected towards fighting against the war. Since cruising had to come to a standstill, ships were repurposed for military use, and the luxury cruise liners that had been a hallmark of cruising were instead employed as troop transports. The war also resulted in travel restrictions and security concerns and the impact on the cruise industry lasted until the end of the war when peace was restored, and the demand for leisure travel began to slowly revive.

World War 2 had a similarly disruptive impact on cruising; as once again passenger ships were repurposed for military use, and cruise lines ceased operations as ships were converted into troop carriers or hospital ships. Passenger travel, especially by sea, was highly restricted due to the risks that were posed by wartime conditions, including submarine threats and air raids. As well, many countries in Europe were involved in post war rebuilding efforts and the travel industry took years to recover from the devastation caused by the conflict. The cruise industry did begin to rebuild in the late 1940's and early 1950's as peace finally returned.

The last big event that stopped the cruise industry, that I will be talking about, was the COVID - 19 pandemic. The COVID - 19 virus spread globally at the start of 2020 and along with this, cruise ships became a focal point of concern. There were several outbreaks of COVID - 19 aboard cruise ships, including the infamous Diamond Princess quarantine in Japan, and these outbreaks made headlines and prompted widespread panic about the safety of cruises. Governments all around the world imposed strict travel bans, and cruise lines were forced to suspend operations almost entirely. This suspension lasted for months, with some cruise lines staying dormant for over a year before resuming operations with new safety protocols, such as vaccinations, testing and enhanced sanitation measures. During the pandemic, the cruise industry faced not only operations challenges but also significant financial losses. Many cruise lines had to secure government support or restructure in order to keep them alive. Even after COVID - 19 restrictions were lifted, the industry now had to navigate public concern over health and safety, as well as changes in consumer behaviour regarding travel.

# data[].attributes.headline
Serious cruise accidents that changed safety policies

# data[].attributes.subject
Serious cruise accidents that changed safety policies

# data[].attributes.body
There have been several cruise accidents that have impacted safety policies within the cruise industry, however, the most notable and tragic events were the sinking of the Titanic and the Costa Concordia disaster. The sinking of the RMS Titanic is the most infamous maritime disaster in history as the Titanic collided with an iceberg in the North Atlantic in 1912 and along with the collision, 1,500 passengers and crew onboard died. After this tragic disaster the cruise industry underwent lots of new safety policies; including, international regulations were enacted that required ships to have enough lifeboats on board for every passenger and crew member as the Titanic had an inadequate number of lifeboats on board and many of these were not properly filled which massively increased the number of lives lost that night. The Titanic also highlighted the danger of icebergs so in response to this, the International Ice Patrol was established to monitor ice in the North Atlantic and warn ships of hazardous conditions. The sinking of the Titanic was also instrumental in creating the SOLAS convention, which is a set of international maritime safety regulations that govern the design, equipment and operation of passenger ships. These regulations included requirements for continuous radio watch, the use of distress signals and the design of ships to better withstand hull breaches.

The Costa Concordia was a disaster that occurred in 2012 which is where an Italian cruise ship struck a rock off the coast of Isola del Gigilo. In this disaster 32 people lost their lives and this disaster became nortorious for the conduct of the ships captain, who abandoned ship and left passengers and crew stranded. Due to the captain abandoning ship, stricter regulations were put in place and an increased emphasis on the captains responsibility to ensure the safety of everybody on board. Crew training, including emergency evacuation protocols and crisis management, was also reinforced across the industry. The disaster also revealed flaws in the ships evacuation plan and the inadequacy of emergency drills which led to better safety drills for both passengers and crew, as well as more stringent stability assessments for cruise ships. After the Concordia disaster, it became a requirement that ships maintain a larger safety zone around their vessels when conducting manoeuvres close to land. This would give them a better margin for error and more time to respond in case of emergencies. Ships now also carry advanced systems for detecting hazards, such as underwater obstacles, and for monitoring the ships stability. As well as this, the use of automatic distress signalling systems has been improved. The Concordia tragedy also highlighted the vulnerability of passengers during a ships evacuation, especially when there's confusion and panic. As a result, cruise lines have implemented stricter crowd control measures, better evacuation routes, and new technologies to track and ensure that all passengers are accounted for during emergencies.

# data[].attributes.headline
The time when cruises became available to the general public 

# data[].attributes.subject
The time when cruises became available to the general public 

# data[].attributes.body
The first major shift towards public cruises occurred in the 1920's, when luxury liners began offering regular passenger services, especially transatlantic routes between Europe and South America. The ships of the time, were considered symbols of luxury but also started to accommodate a more diverse passenger base. The ocean liners, which were originally built for transatlantic travel, began offering cruises that were specifically designed for leisure rather than just transportation. Ships such as the Cunard Line's Queen Mary were often used for extended cruises, and the idea of cruising as a vacation rather than a necessity began to take hold. In the 1960's companies such as Carnival Cruise Line began offering cruises that catered to the middle class, further democratising the industry. Ships became larger and more lavish, and the industry boomed, marking the true Golden Age of Cruising, where cruises were no longer just for the wealthy but had become a mainstream vacation option. By the 1960's, cruising was firmly established as a popular leisure activity for a broader demographic, and it continued to evolve through the latter part of the 20th century.

# data[].attributes.headline
The time that TUI and Virgin as travel agencies launched their first ships

# data[].attributes.subject
The time that TUI and Virgin as travel agencies launched their first ships

# data[].attributes.body
TUI entered the cruise industry in 2008 by launching Mein Schiff 1. The ship was part of their partnership with Royal Caribbean, marking TUI's entry into the cruise market under the brand TUI Cruises. The launch was aimed at offering a more relaxed and personalised cruise experience. TUI has since expanded its fleet with several other ships, becoming a prominent player in the European Cruise market.

Virgin however, entered the cruise industry much later, with the launch of its first ship, Scarlet Lady, in 2020. Virgin Voyages was designed to cater to a more modern, adult focused audience, with an emphasis on luxury and innovative experiences at sea. The launch of Scarlet Lady marked Virgin's ambitious entry into the cruise industry, and the brand has since been expanding its fleet and destinations.

Both companies, though entering the cruise industry at different times, sought to redefine the cruising experience, with TUI focusing on a more European market and Virgin aiming to attract a younger, more adventurous demographic

# data[].attributes.body
Many modern cruise ships are now equipped with advanced smart ship systems, which integrate digital technology to improve their overall experience. Passengers can use mobile apps for everything from checking in and making reservations to accessing personalised itineraries and navigating the ship. Additionally, some cruise lines use robotic assistants for tasks like guest services or luggage handling. Smart technology also helps with onboard systems management, from lighting and temperature control to energy efficency.

To reduce their carbon footprint, many cruise lines are adopting Liquefied Natural Gas as a cleaner fuel alternative. Ships powered by LNG emit lower levels of carbon dioxide, sulfur, and nitrogen oxides, making them more environmentally friendly compared to traditional fuel-powered ships. For example, ships like the AIDAperla and MSC Meraviglia use LNG engines. Additionally, cruise ships are incorporating advanced scrubbers to reduce air pollution and wastewater treatment systems to minimize environmental impact.

The latest navigation and safety technologies in the cruise industry include advanced autonomous systems, AI-driven route optimization, and enhanced collision avoidance systems. These technologies use real-time data to optimize travel routes and improve safety by predicting potential hazards or adverse weather conditions. Cruise ships are also implementing more advanced crisis management systems for emergency situations, incorporating predictive analytics to ensure passenger and crew safety.

# data[].attributes.body
Well done Maddie, you have made a really good start to your timeline. It would've been nice if you had completed your events in chronological order. However, you have made some really good points. Try to add in some examples for each of your new technological advancements.