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Hardness tells us how scratch-resistant a mineral is. Think of it like this: if you try to scratch one mineral with another, the harder mineral will leave a scratch on the softer one. Scientists use something called the Mohs Hardness Scale, which goes from 1 (super soft) to 10 (super hard).

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You can test hardness using common objects:
- Your fingernail (hardness 2.5)
- A penny (hardness 3)
- A steel nail (hardness 5.5)
- A piece of glass (hardness 5.5)
If an object can scratch your mineral, your mineral is softer than that object!

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Streak is the color of a mineral's powder when you rub it against a rough surface. It's like drawing with a crayon! The cool thing is that a mineral's streak color is always the same, even if the mineral itself comes in different colors.

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To test streak:
1. Get a piece of unglazed porcelain (like the back of a bathroom tile)
2. Scratch your mineral across it
3. Look at the color of the powder mark it leaves
For example: Pyrite (fool's gold) might look golden, but its streak is greenish-black!

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Luster is how light reflects off a mineral's surface - basically, how shiny it is! There are different types of luster:
- Metallic (like a penny)
- Pearly (like a pearl)
- Glassy (like a window)
- Dull (like chalk)

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To determine luster, look at how light bounces off your mineral in a well-lit room. Does it shine like metal? Is it see-through like glass? Or maybe it's dull like a rock you'd find on the playground? That's its luster!

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Color is usually the first thing we notice about minerals! But be careful - the same mineral can come in different colors. For example, quartz can be clear, purple (amethyst), pink, or brown. That's why we need to look at other properties too!

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To observe color:
1. Look at your mineral in good lighting
2. Notice if it has one color or multiple colors
3. Write down the main color you see
4. Remember that some minerals can be different colors but still be the same mineral!

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Density tells us how heavy a mineral is compared to its size. Think about a balloon and a marble of the same size - the marble is denser because it's heavier for its size. Some minerals feel surprisingly heavy or light when you pick them up!

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You can get a rough idea of density by picking up a mineral and comparing it to common objects. Does it feel heavier or lighter than you expected for its size? For example, galena (a lead mineral) feels super heavy for its size!

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Identifying Minerals - Determining Density

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Cleavage is how a mineral breaks along flat, smooth surfaces - like pages in a book. Some minerals break in one direction, others in two or three! Mica is a great example - it breaks into thin, flat sheets.

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Fracture is how minerals break when they don't have cleavage. Instead of smooth surfaces, they might break in irregular ways. Some common types of fracture are:
- Conchoidal (curved, like glass)
- Irregular (rough and uneven)
- Splintery (like wood)