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Urdu, Hindi, and Arabic.

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India, where Jama Masjid is located, uses a federal parliamentary democratic republic form of government. This means they have a president, a prime minister, and a parliament.

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The Jama Masjid in Delhi was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan between 1650 and 1656. Made of red sandstone and marble, it is one of India’s largest mosques. It has hosted major Islamic gatherings and has been restored over time, remaining a key symbol of Mughal architecture.

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Sunni

percentage of Muslims in country: 12-13%

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Delhi, India.

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Eid al-Fitr – marking the end of Ramadan with large prayers and gatherings.

Eid al-Adha – commemorating the willingness of Ibrahim to sacrifice his son, also celebrated with prayers.

Milad-un-Nabi – the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad, observed with sermons and special prayers.

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Islam came to India mainly through trade and conquest starting in the 7th century. Arab traders first introduced Islam along the west coast. Later, from the 12th century onward, Muslim rulers from Central Asia, called the Delhi Sultanate, established control over parts of northern India, including Delhi. This created a strong Muslim presence in the region.

During the Mughal Empire (16th to 19th centuries), especially under rulers like Shah Jahan, Islam flourished culturally and politically. The construction of Jama Masjid by Shah Jahan symbolized the strength of Islam in Delhi.

So, the area around Jama Masjid became a Muslim cultural and religious center because of centuries of Muslim rule and influence in northern India. However, India itself is a diverse country with many religions.

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Clemmons, Nancy. Exploring the Religions of Our World. Ave Maria Press, 1999, pp. 136–147.

“Jama Masjid.” Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/place/Jama-Masjid-mosque-Delhi-India.

Asher, Catherine B. Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Koch, Ebba. Mughal Architecture: An Outline of Its History and Development (1526–1858). Prestel, 1991.

Metcalf, Barbara D. Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900. Princeton University Press, 1982.

Richards, John F. The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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Chandra, Satish. Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Har-Anand Publications, 2004.

Qureshi, Ishtiaq Husain. The Muslim Community of the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent (610-1947). Islamic Publications, 2003.

Rahman, Fazlur. Islam. University of Chicago Press, 1979.