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The ability to identify, manipulate, and distinguish individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words. It involves understanding that words consist of separate sounds and being able to hear, blend, segment, and manipulate those sounds.

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The relationship between letters and sounds in language. It involves understanding how letters represent sounds and using that knowledge to decode written words during reading and encode words during writing.

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The ability to read text accurately, quickly, and with proper expression. It involves automaticity in word recognition, comprehension, and prosody.

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The words students must know to communicate effectively through reading and writing. It includes understanding the meaning of words and how they are used in different contexts.

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The ability to understand and make meaning from what has been read. It involves using background knowledge, decoding skills, vocabulary, and critical thinking strategies to construct meaning from text.

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Award-winning reading solution with thousands of leveled readers, lesson plans, worksheets and assessments to teach guided reading, reading proficiency and comprehension to K-5 students

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Tải miễn phí hàng nghìn tài liệu giáo dục, bài giảng điện tử, giáo án mầm non, tiểu học, trường quốc tế, bài kiểm tra, flashcard tiếng Anh.

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NAEP Oral Reading Fluency Passage Reading Expression Scoring Rubric

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NAEP Oral Reading Fluency Passage Reading Expression Scoring Rubric

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Scoring Procedure

In the 2018 NAEP ORF studyClick to open pdf. , students' passage reading was scored using the automatic speech analysis and scoring system with the exception of passage reading expression, which was scored by trained human scorers. Word list reading and pseudoword list reading was first transcribed by trained human scorers and then the rate, accuracy and words correct per minute (WCPM) variables were calculated by the automatic speech analysis and scoring system.

Passage Scoring

The 2018 NAEP ORF studyClick to open pdf. used a new automatic speech analysis and scoring system that transcribed students' passage reading recordings and then aligned the resulting orthographic transcripts with the passage text in order to calculate rate, accuracy, and words correct per minute variables. The system recognizes accepted pronunciations of each word, taking into account dialect and second-language variations as long as the speaking pattern remains consistent throughout the reading.

The automatic speech analysis and scoring system began by identifying the "text span" in the passage (that is, the string of text that the student read aloud from the passage, starting with the first word that the student read and ending with the last word). Then the system transcribed and calculated the number of words within the text span that the student attempted to read (i.e., the "span length"). It also calculated the duration of oral reading time that the student spent reading the text span (i.e., the "span duration"). Lastly, the system counted the number of words that the student correctly read in the correct order within the span length (i.e., the number of correctly read words in the text span). These three pieces of information were used to calculate passage reading rate, accuracy, and WCPM variables.

Word List and Pseudoword List Scoring

For recordings of word reading and pseudoword reading, trained human scorers transcribed students' oral responses. Human transcription was conducted instead of machine transcription because students did not always follow the same order (e.g., from top to bottom and then left to right) when they read the word and pseudoword lists. After the lists were transcribed, the automatic speech analysis and scoring system produced a time alignment of each transcript with the corresponding student recording, calculated the length of time that the student spent reading the word list or pseudoword list, and counted the number of correctly read words or pseudowords from the list of words or pseudowords presented to students. These counts and the corresponding reading durations were combined to calculate the word reading and pseudoword reading WCPM (words correctly read per minute) variables. For example, if a student read 20 words correctly from the word list in 40 seconds, the word reading WCPM score would be 30 WCPM (20 words / 40 seconds X 60 seconds).

Passage Reading Expression Scoring

Passage reading expression is a rating of the student's ability to clearly express the meaning and structure of the text through appropriate intonation, rhythm, emphasis, and pausing that groups words into phrasal and larger units in ways that will enhance understanding and enjoyment in a listener. This variable was scored by trained human scorers using a 6-point scoring rubric developed for the study, as shown below. The scorers received intensive training on the use of the rubric and then successfully completed a qualification evaluation that demonstrated their understanding of and ability to accurately use the rubric to rate students' oral reading.