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Therapeutic cloning is the process of replacing an egg cell’s nucleus with the nucleus from a somatic donor cell. It produces a cell line of genetically identical cells. Therapeutic cloning uses cloned cells to treat disease, and generates new tissues and organs from those cells.

Ethical Implications: It requires the creation of human embryos destined to be sacrificed for the benefit of others.

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IVF (In vitro fertilization) is a reproductive technology that helps people with infertility by fertilizing eggs outside the body and implanting embryos into the uterus. Since the first IVF birth in 1978, it has allowed many families to have children, over 1.5 million babies conceived since 1978.

Ethical Implications: Unused embryos may be frozen, donated, or discarded, leading to debates about their status. The high cost makes it inaccessible for many. Another issue is preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), which screens embryos for genetic disorders but raises concerns about "designer babies."

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Transgenic Animals are a type of transgenic organisms; essentially, organisms that have genetic material (DNA) from other species.

In animals, this presents some interesting outcomes:

Resources obtained from animals could be enhanced, e.g; spider gene in goats means we can get stronger silk from their milk (kinda creepy imo), that we can use for clothes and the likes

Transferred genes allow us to study diseases in different organisms, maybe a serious disease with high mortality rates studied in animals that can be produced in large numbers

Most importantly, organ donors. This technology would allow genes to be transferred between humans and animals to allow the production of tissues and organs

A lot of the ethical issues lie in use of animals as organ donors:

Harvesting animals alone is troubling for some, but for organs would definitely cross the line

There are high risk of transferring diseases, risks that may outrank benefits

And there are high tendencies for rejection of engineered tissues and organs

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Artificial insemination is a reproductive technology that transfers semen into a female’s reproductive tract. It helps breeders select desirable traits, improve genetics, and make breeding more efficient. Artificial Insemination also allows semen to be stored and transported easily.

However, artificial insemination raises ethical concerns. Using a small number of high-quality males can reduce genetic diversity, making animals more prone to disease. Overbreeding and unnatural breeding conditions may also affect animal welfare. Some argue that artificial insemination interferes too much with natural selection, causing a debate on human control over reproduction.

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What is IVF?

IVF is an option for women with blocked fallopian tubes to reproduce. Eggs are retrieved from the woman, which are combined with sperm in a laboratory. Following fertilization, the embryo is placed in the uterus. As fertilization occurs within laboratory glassware, babies born from the IVF process are known as "test-tube babies".

Ethical Implications:

Several embryos are often created, however only some may be used during implantation

The remaining embryos are typically frozen, donated to other couples, or disposed

It often involves in determining an increased risk of an embryo to have a genetic disorder prior to implantation (Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis or PGD)

This may cause ethical concerns regarding the selection of embryos according to their traits, including gender, appearance, or intelligence

IVF is an expensive procedure and the high cost limits the access to less wealthy individuals or couples

The high cost exacerbates social inequality, as those who are unable to afford an IVF baby have limited options to reproduce, considering alternatives, such as adoption and surrogacy, are quite expensive

In some countries, women are paid to donate eggs for IVFs, which may be considered to be exploitation of women, primarily those in financial need

IVFs typically require women to receive ovarian stimulation with hormones to produce several eggs, which can result in long-term health issues, such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)

The use of IVF is controversial in certain cultures, as it involves technologies which may be perceived as "unnatural" or "abnormal"

Catholics consider IVF to be "immoral" and condemn the process

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Reproductive Strategies and Technologies - IVF --> Katherine 

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Reproductive Strategies and Technologies - IVF --> Katherine 

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A reproductive technique called in vitro fertilization (IVF) helps women whose fallopian tubes are blocked by removing immature eggs from their ovaries and fertilizing them in a lab dish. Since IVF began in 1978, more than 1.5 million babies have been born. But the possibility of choosing embryos based on genetic characteristics raises ethical issues, posing concerns about these children and moral boundaries. There are also concerns about what happens to embryos that are not utilized, with some people supporting their donation or usage in research

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Overall: to improve success rates for human reproduction

a process that allows for the diagnosis of genetic disorders soon after fertilization.

the genetic testing is done before embryo is implanted in uterus

IVF performed -> zygotes divide for 2 days -> one cell from developing embryos analyzed for genetic disorder -> healthy embryos implanted in female's uterus.

Parents of sick children “engineer” a genetic match in another

sibling.

Newborn sibling is able to donate umbilical cord blood,

which contains stem cells

Ethical Implications:

Moral concerns with destruction of embryos

Promoting the idea that life with disability is undesirable

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IVF, short for in vitro fertilization, is an example of a reproductive technology that is available for couples who are unable to conceive a child. This a reproductive solution for women who have blocked Fallopian tubes. In this process, immature eggs are retrieved from women and combined with sperm inside laboratory glassware. The developed embryo is then placed inside the women's uterus after being fertilized. Another variation of this method is injecting the sperm directly into the egg when there is no/ low penetration of the egg by the sperm. Since 1978, over 1.5 million babied have been conceived through IVF.

Ethical Implications:

Requires much patience and continuous efforts from the parents because the first-time IVF success rate is 25-30%. This is because failure can occur due to factors such as age, high body weight, stress, smoking status, etc. This can lead do negative emotional/psychological impacts on patients.

Preimplantation genetic screening and diagnosis tests allow patients to choose the gender of their child. This can lead to neglect of certain embryos and inequality.

IVF is a costly procedure, being a factor that limits patients from using this procedure due to financial resources and financial status.

Children born with IVF have chances of developing problems later in life such as low birth weight, fetal growth restriction, congenital malformations, imprinting disorders, higher risk of childhood illnesses and neonatal death.

The effect of religious beliefs on IVF policy-making.

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The idea of Transgenic Organisms is using different techniques to insert foreign DNA into different plants and animals. The genetically modified organism, or GMO has its genome altered to fit the need of something specific. A Transgenic Plant is most commonly modified in order to increase their resistance toward herbicides, insects/pests, or viruses. A genetically modified plant can also be used for medical purposes. for example a Canadian company was able to insert a human insulin gene into a safflower plant so it will produce insulin as it grows. This is extremely helpful because the plant produces insulin in a move cost effective way.

Some ethically considerations of Transgenic Organisms are:

creating new types of animals for the sole purpose of harvesting the organs

Causes environmental threats

Human use of the GMO's have unknown long term health effects

The cost (does the cost outway the profit)

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Therapeutic cloning is utilized to produce genetically identical cells. This allows the replica cells to form new tissues and organs to assist in treating diseases.

Some ethical implications include the destruction of embryos. The destruction occurs to gather cells that would benefit others. Another implication can be that stem cells are produced by SCNT. Utilizing the stem cells produced, they can be implanted into a surrogate. Which then leads to the production of an embryo, then leading to a human clone. It's been a controversial discussion on how therapeutic cloning can cause ethical dilemmas.

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IVF is a widely popular reproductive technology to help those individuals who have been faced with infertility issues where they are unable to get pregnant due to blockage in the Fallopian tubes. This process involves retrieving eggs from the woman to be combined with a sperm in a lab setting, placing the now fertilized embryo back into the uterus. This technology has helped many people who could not conceive naturally.

Ethical Implications:

Multiple embryos are created, but not all are implanted. Where they may be discarded or freezer which raises questions about the status of the embryos

The cost may be high and limited, especially towards those who may be wealthier, raising the concerns of if there is a play of inequality in reproductive rights.

Concerns of the children having multiple genetic parents due to the egg donor, the sperm donor, or even the surrogate mother

The potential issue of the child being able to inherit the parent's genetics and family dynamics

The rights and well-being of surrogate mothers are concerns of possible exploitation, especially for those who are in financial need and are vulnerable to surrogacy.

The long-term effects that it can have on the mother include the increased risk of ovarian cancer.

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Mishall- Therapeutic and Reproductive Cloning

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Mishall- Therapeutic and Reproductive Cloning

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Theraputic cloning is the process of replacing an eggs nucleus. It is replaced with a nucleus from a somatic donor cell, in order to produce a line of genetically identical cells. This allows the production of cells that can treat various diseases, and can even help with growing new tissues and organs.

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing genetically identical organisms, not just cells. A process called somatic cell transfer is what generates the cloned cells, which is used by both therapeutic and reproductive cloning.

There is controversy surrounding these processes, because it involves the destruction of human embryos.