# data[].attributes.body
>11 mg/dL

# data[].attributes.body
>2.5mEq/L

# data[].attributes.body
>5 mEq/L

# data[].attributes.body
<1.5mEq/L

# data[].attributes.body
Chronic alcoholism

Malnutrition, starvation

Diarrhea

Celiac disease, Crohn’s disease

Aluminum-based laxative abuse

Drugs (diuretics, aminoglycoside abx)

Citrate (blood products)

Prolonged parenteral nutrition therapy

Burns, sepsis

Alkalosis

# data[].attributes.body
Muscle twitching, tremors

Hyperactive reflexes, painful muscle contractions

Laryngeal stridor

EKG changes

Mood changes

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Possible positive Chvostek’s sign

Reduced motility, constipation, paralytic ileus

# data[].attributes.body
Hyperthyroidism

Immobility

Vitamin D intoxication

Drug toxicity (thiazide diuretics and lithium)

Hypophosphatemia

Hyperparathyroidism

Steroids therapy

Bone malignancy

Kidney failure

# data[].attributes.body
Tall, peaked T waves, widened QRS

Dysthymias

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Abdominal cramping

Muscle cramping

Irritability

# data[].attributes.body
<9 mg/dL

# data[].attributes.body
Calcium gluconate, possible dialysis, diuretics, rehydration to increase urine output

# data[].attributes.body
Adrenal insufficiency

Renal insufficiency

Use of K+ sparing diuretic

Metabolic acidosis

Respiratory acidosis

Insulin deficiency

Burns

# data[].attributes.body
Decrease Ca+ intake, eliminate use of calcium carbonate antacids, calcitonin, 0.9% NS, corticosteroids, phosphate salts

# data[].attributes.body
Monitor EKG, potassium levels, dialysis if patient does not respond to other treatments

# data[].attributes.body
Hypoparathyroidism

Hypomagnesemia (<1mg/dL)

Multiple blood transfusions

Acute pancreatitis

Vitamin D deficiency

Alcoholism

Chronic diarrhea

Burns

Alkalotic states

Renal disease

Hypoalbuminemia

Elevated phosphorous

# data[].attributes.body
Bradycardia, hypotension

Numbness and tingling

Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes

Muscle cramps, tetany

Mental status change

Positive Trousseau and Chvostek sign

Hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea

Increased bleeding and bruising

Brittle nails, dry hair

Prolonged QT interval, lengthened ST segment

# data[].attributes.body
>145 mEq/L

# data[].attributes.body
< 135 mEq/L

# data[].attributes.body
<3.5 mEq/L

# data[].attributes.body
Renal failure

Overuse of magnesium containing antacids

TPN

Hemodialysis using hard water dialysate

Adrenal insufficiency

Magnesium treatment in preeclampsia

DKA

# data[].attributes.body
Inadequate intake

Excessive loss of GI fluid

Diabetes insipidus

Starvation

Heat-induced diaphoresis

Corticosteroid use

Alkalosis

Cushing’s disease

Hyperaldosteronism

# data[].attributes.body
Congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, SIADH

DKA

Excessive use of hypotonic solutions

Inadequate dietary intake

Anorexia

Diuretics

Decreased secretion of aldosterone

Kidney disease

Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive suctioning, irrigation of NG tube with water, repeated use of tap water enemas

# data[].attributes.body
Impaired thirst mechanism

Profuse sweating, dehydration

Diarrhea

Diabetes insipidus

Cushing’s syndrome

Kidney failure

Corticosteroids

NPO

Fever, increased rate of metabolism

# data[].attributes.body
Monitor V/S, EKG changes, check of alkalosis, protect from injury, monitor potassium levels

# data[].attributes.body
Weak, thready pulse

EKG changes-ST segment depression, flattened t-wave

Dyspnea, shallow breathing

Decreased deep tendon reflex, muscle cramps

Anxiety, confusion

Decreased bowel sounds, constipation

Nausea, vomiting

Fatigue, lethargy

# data[].attributes.body
Decreased deep tendon muscle reflexes

Hypotension

Bradycardia

Flushing and sensation warmth

EKG changes

Weakness

Lethargy

Respiratory depression

# data[].attributes.body
Isotonic solutions, hypotonic solutions, diuretics, sodium restrictions

# data[].attributes.body
Edema, increased ICP

Muscle cramps

Confusion, change in LOC

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain

Hyperreflexia, muscle twitching

Tachycardia

# data[].attributes.body
Tachycardia, hypotension

Dry and sticky mucous membranes

Twitching, tremor, hyperreflexia

Restlessness, agitated, confused

Lethargic

# data[].attributes.body
Monitor I&Os, daily weights, maintain safe environment, consult with dietician

# data[].attributes.body
Hypertension

Decreased ST segment, shortened QT interval

Polyuria, polydipsia

Hypotonic bowel sounds

Decreased deep tendon reflex, muscle weakness

Personality changes

Lethargy, headache, confusion

Fatigue

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain

# data[].attributes.body
Potassium supplements (review medication), potassium rich diet (list foods)

# data[].attributes.body
Calcium gluconate, regular insulin and dextrose, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate),

Sodium carbonate if patient has acidosis

# data[].attributes.body
Calcium gluconate, calcium chloride, vitamin D supplements, phosphorous-binding antacids, if hypomagnesium is present administer magnesium sulfate.

# data[].attributes.body
If patient has hyponatremia with hypovolemic volume, treat with 0.9% NS or LR. If patient is hyponatremia with hypertonic dehydration, treat with fluid restrictions. Acute hyponatremia treat with hypertonic solution. Administer salt tablets

# data[].attributes.body
Monitor cardiac, assess deep tendon reflexes, monitor I&Os, consult with dietician, monitor respiratory function

# data[].attributes.body
Cardiac monitoring, monitor deep tendon reflexes, monitor for hypocalcemia and hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis, consult with dietician

# data[].attributes.body
Monitor I&Os, daily weight, consult with dietician, protect patient from injury, monitor for neurological changes

# data[].attributes.body
Cardiac monitoring, monitor I&Os, daily weight, neurological checks, consult with dietician, stop thiazide diuretics switch to loop diuretic,

# data[].attributes.body
Magnesium sulfate, magnesium-containing antacids, foods high in Mg

# data[].attributes.body
Monitor EKG, respiratory status, safe environment,  protect patient from injury, seizure precautions, avoid foods high in phosphorous, collaborate with dietician