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Third Century: India and Tolerance 300 a.C.  

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Third Century: India and Tolerance 300 a.C.  

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Even though the Former Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, argued that the concept of human rights upon Asia nations represent a cultural imperialism promoted by the values of the East, in th third- century B.C emperor Ashoka intended edicts such as this to guide citizens in their daily lives, as well as public ministers in their official acts

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The Prehistory of Rights: Before about 1400. 

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The Prehistory of Rights: Before about 1400. 

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The word “right” was use until near the close of the middle ages: the concept lacks any means of expression in Hebrew, Greek, Latin or Arabic, classical or medieval, let alone in Old English.

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Medieval Europe, and the Possibility of Poverty: 1201 

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Medieval Europe, and the Possibility of Poverty: 1201 

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Lived a life of poverty, however apostolic poverty was not a doctrine that appealed to all within the Church.

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Half- century of Franciscan- inspired precedent:  Property is natural and inescapable, apostolic poverty is impossible.

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The Pope John XXII issued a papal bull flatly declaring that human dominion over material things is, though in miniature, precisely like God’s dominion over the universe.

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William of Ockham: Objective right and subjective right.

Subjective right: Refers to individuals and defines moral facts that essentially involve them

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Two Expansionary Periods of Rights Rhetoric: 1776

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Two Expansionary Periods of Rights Rhetoric: 1776

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American Declaration of Independence.

The 1790`s produced several important skeptical examinations of the concept of rights: that is, the first expansionary period.

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French Reign of Terror

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The second expansionary period of rights rhetoric began with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights aftermath of the WW2.
There was an increasing concern during the last decade of the twentieth century that "rights talk" had gotten out of hand, there is increasing doubt that there is any cosmic moral order.

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From the late 17th century to the ending of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.

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The treatise "Of the law war and peace" was published.
It was published in the midst of the Thirty Years War, which involved all of the European powers and was to an important degree a religious war pitting Catholics, Lutherans and Calvinists against each other.
Grotius was determined  as no one had been before, to analyze the whole subject of justice as a matter of rights.
Grotius's theory, were not limited to property, but extended presumptively to the whole range of an individual's actions as well.

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Birth of Thomas Hobbes.
He said he was born of fear. In his view, sovereign power is necessary to avoid the dismal circumstances of a state of meer Nature which is a condition of war "of every man against every man". For him, in a state of nature, everyone has a right to everything he judges to be necessary to his survival.

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Samuel Pufendorf
First to notice the correlativity of rights and duties. Distinction between perfect and imperfect rights. "In order to be safe, it is necessary for man to be sociable".

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The Second Treatise of Government
Defines the state of nature partly in terms of rights distributed equally to all humans. Against Hobbes' thinking. "Consent"; those who withhold their consent remain in a state of nature, and it is tacit.

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1776 - The American Declaration of Independence

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1776 - The American Declaration of Independence

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It was the work of Thomas Jefferson who was influenced by Locke.

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Immanuel Kant
1785 → Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals.

Categorical imperative and hypothetical imperative

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Immanuel Kant
His most significant practical influence. Proposal for an international organization resembling the United Nations.

It was a foundation for rights and for all moral philosophy

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William Paley
"The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy". Following God’s rules → principles of natural justice with a moral sense. Consider God 's nature. Expediency and utility are synonymous with productivity of the greatest happiness. Sanction theory of duty. God endows us with rights. Positive and negative duties

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The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen - 1789

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The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen - 1789

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Equal rights, liberty, property, security and resistance of oppression, nation is essentially the source of all sovereignty.

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Louis XVI - guillotine