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1.Workers get paid little while capitalists get rich. Like workers in a factory get salaries from their boss without initiative,they receive salaries no matter how much the boss gives them.The boss sale the goods which workers produced to others in high prices and get huge profits.This is called primitive accumulation.

2.In a capitalist society everyone believes all sorts of things are really just value judgments.Capitalist ideas taught people to be anxious,competitive,conformist and politically complacent.

3.Workers are alienated from other human beings. In a capitalist economy, workers must compete with each other for jobs and raises. But just as competition between businesses brings down the price of commodities, competition between workers brings down wages. And so it is not the proletariat who benefits from this competition, but capitalists. This is not only materially damaging to workers, it estranges them from each other.

4. Job insecurity can particularly happen in the service sector, with zero-hour contracts and gig work common in industries such as hospitality, transport and the arts. In these cases, lower-paid employees have no guaranteed income and often aren’t allocated paid holiday or sick leave.

5.Marxism believes that unemployment is inevitable in today's society, because the productivity of today's society is so excess that it no longer needs to work hard to solve the problem of contentment. People should not laugh at people who have no work. Instead, it is a desirable freedom. Large enterprises should be allowed to distribute excess wealth to the people.

6.Marx thought that people should not be "valued" for "value", and they should have their own lives. The best solution is to form a society without private property and inheritance, all the steeply graduated income tax, and all the public service platforms are centrally controlled, and everyone gets the same treatment and education

7. Yes, It examines the effect of capitalism on labor, productivity, and economic development and argues for a worker revolution to overturn capitalism in favor of communism.It is still important to understand modern society.

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ACTIVITY 2
1. Example for the difference in capital accumulated by different classes today is that the upper working class still earn more than the lower working class. People who live in the upper class live more of a luxury life compared to people living in the lower class live more of a simple life and sometimes they may not be able afford basic necessities.

2.According to Marx’s theory of capital accumulation entrepreneurs invest a portion of their surplus value to develop their capacity for production. The goal of primitive accumulation, in Marx's view, is to privatise the means of production so that the exploitative owner class can profit from the surplus labour, due to a lack of resources, are forced to work for them.
3. In order for workers to feel fulfilled in work, workers have to see themselves in the objects they have created as labor offers us a chance to eternalize what’s good inside of us. He argued that modern work leads to alienation, as there is more specialized work which disconnect you from  what you give to society between what you do all day and what you think you contribute to society.
4. Examples of Job insecurity today include  specialized work such as factory work or machinery work. Job insecurity mainly affects those in lower class, the proletariats. As they can easily be replaced by another skilled worker due to the large labour market or by machines.
5. Marx states that there is a lack of available means of production, which causes unemployment. He believes that rising unemployment will accompany the expansion of both capital and production, that workers real earnings will remain subsistence level and that the jobless will get poorer and poorer. Marx view on laziness was those of its members who work acquire nothing and those who acquire anything do not work. Laziness is not necessarily a bad thing. For example if an invention can be found that cuts the amount of work necessary to accomplish a task, isn’t laziness
6. To correct exploration and achieve true freedom Marx believes that workers must first overthrow the capitalist system to private property. Works should replace capitalism with an economic communistic system in which they own property in common and share wealth produced. Exportation brings problems of commodity fetishism therefore their economic interests are at the heart of their lives and people therefore don’t their truth.
7. Marx's 19th century work continues to offer us a critical understanding of the historical and on-going relationship between the Global South and the neo-imperial North. His work provides insights into the “unique” ways in which capitalism develops and impacts specific world-regions.

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(Activity 2)Xiaotian Peng, Wanchen Li, Kevin, Runchao Zhu, Rui Qian, Jingyi Li

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(Activity 2)Xiaotian Peng, Wanchen Li, Kevin, Runchao Zhu, Rui Qian, Jingyi Li

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1. High-net-worth individuals，Middle class，Low-income earners，Racial and ethnic disparities。these are just a few examples of the differences in capital accumulated by different classes today. There are many other factors that can contribute to wealth disparities, including education, occupation, and geographical location.

2. Marx explained the difference between the capitalist and socialist systems by pointing to the unequal distribution of wealth and resources in a capitalist system. In a capitalist system, the wealthy capitalists own and control the means of production, while the working class is exploited and has little control over their lives and their work. This unequal distribution of wealth and resources perpetuates the exploitation of the working class and the various problems it brings.

3. Mass production today is alienating us from the products we produce in several ways. For example, in many factories, workers are not involved in the design or production of the products they are making. Instead, they are simply performing repetitive tasks on an assembly line. This means that workers are not able to take pride in the products they are making and are instead simply performing a task for a wage.

4. Many workers are employed in non-standard or precarious work, such as part-time, temporary, or contract work, which may lack job security and benefits.With the rise of automation and artificial intelligence, many jobs are at risk of being replaced by technology, leaving workers uncertain about their future employment.Workers in the gig economy, such as Uber drivers and freelancers, often lack job security and benefits.

5.  The Marxist view of unemployment, laziness, and consumption is that they are all symptoms of a capitalist system that exploits the working class. Marxists believe that the capitalist system creates an unequal distribution of wealth and resources, which leads to unemployment, laziness, and excessive consumption. The role of Marxist ideology is to challenge the capitalist system and to advocate for a more equitable distribution of wealth and resources. Marxist ideology also seeks to empower the working class and to create a more just and equitable society.

6. Marx's solution for the exploitation of the working class and the various problems it brings is to replace the capitalist system with a socialist system. In a socialist system, the means of production would be owned and controlled by the workers, and the wealth and resources would be distributed more equitably. This would lead to a more just and equitable society, where the working class would have more control over their lives and their work.

7. Marx's theory is still relevant in many ways. Although some aspects of his theory may not be fully applicable to modern society, many of his insights into the nature of capitalism, class struggle, and social inequality continue to provide valuable perspectives on contemporary issues. Marx's analysis of the unequal distribution of wealth and power in capitalist societies is still relevant today, when economic inequality is growing and wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few. Marx's theory of exploitation and the way capitalists extract surplus value from workers are still relevant today, especially in industries where workers are paid low wages and work arrangements are precarious. Marx's theory stresses the importance of labor as a central factor in capitalist production and the need for worker protection, fair wages, and collective bargaining rights. Marx's theories continue to inspire social movements and activism focused on challenging social inequality, advocating for workers' rights, and promoting social justice.
Overall, while Marx's theories may not be able to provide a complete or definitive account of contemporary society, his ideas and insights continue to influence contemporary social and political discourse and remain relevant to understanding and solving modern social and economic problems.

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1. Capitalists shrink the wages of the workers as much as possible in order to attain the largest profit margin.

2. Marx called this primitive accumulation. Capitalists see profit as a reward for their innovation, but Marx saw capitalism as the theft of workers’ talent and hardworking.
Capitalism is paying one price to the work and selling the item for a much higher price, which is the same as exploitation.

3. Modern work is highly specialised in order to increase efficiency within society, but this does not allow worker to identify the part they play in the in the production of the final result and the impact it's having on the need from the individuals os society. Marx felt this could be described with the word alienating, which is the disconnect between your livelihood, who you truly are and what you believe your are able to contribute.

4- Give examples for job insecurity today, who does it affect?

. employees that process checkouts at stores are getting replaced by machines so their jobs are not secure
. jobs like travel agents are slowly being replaced by apps so If it the cost of keeping them employed dos not generate  profit for the business owner they will let

them go.

- job insecurity affects people with menial
jobs the most since their labour can be easily replaced by various machines & technology

5-What is the marxist view of un employment, laziness and consumption

Marxism says that society has collectively developed an ideology that unemployment means that an individual is lazy and that consumption is a sin.

This ideology only serves to keep people

complacent in a capatilist society

6- What is Marx’s solution for this exploitation and the various problems it brings?
Marx proposed that society should let go of the current capitalist way and embrace communism where no one would own any inherented wealth or property, be taxed steeply & free public education. in a communist society people would be allowed to do whatever they wanted and enjoy leisure.

However , the marxist theory does not align with our current world because social class is alot more complex. Communism has many problems when practiced in reality, such

as the abuse of power from governments and the restriction of peoples basic freedoms for example speech

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ACTIVITY 2
1.Rich class:owed the factories that produced everything people needed and they sold what they produced to earn a living.

Poor class: only had their labour to sell to make a living and dependent on the factory owners to get paid.
2. Conflict theory creates closed circle. There will be antithesis which oppose thesis and the solution; synthesis. When synthesis is introduced, another antithesis will resurfaced. So every synthesis is like a short break for another antithesis.
3.Like techonology. The original purpose is to release labour but now become to product more goods and increase the workload make people unhappy.
4.The workers are being afraid of being fired by their employers and affect by the social background-involution.
5. Unemployment people will think they are worthless and sinful for having a luxury life;
6. When the employees are fully aware that they are being exploited, they will become a team to protest their managers and try as much as they can to overcome the economic inequality.
7. Yes, because workers being exploited are still existing in capitalism countries causing huge economic difference between class. Minority of populations are rich and majority of populations are in poverty while there is few in middle class.

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1.Similarities :They all put special emphasis on the investigation and research of social facts. Social facts are objective and independent of human will. They can be predicted by understanding social facts.
Differences: The main difference between functionalism and conflict theory is that the functionalism states that each aspect of a society serves a function and are necessary for the survival of that society while the conflict theory states that a society is in perpetual class conflict due to the limitation and the unequal distribution of resources.
2. -1)People in the lower class of the social class can't enter the aristocracy school like the upper class, lose the chance to receive a better education.
-2)Social classes will form their own social range, and people at the lower level cannot contact people at the top of the social class, resulting in poor information.
3. There is gender imbalance problem in Chinese population.Male population is obviously more than female. In education 58.7 percent of women age 25 and older had completed secondary education, while the counterpart statistic for men was 71.9 percent. Women's labour power participation rate was 63.9 percent (compared to 78.3 percent for men).And in the National People‘s Congress, there is only 23.6 percent of them are female.Therefore, the gender differences and inequality are serious in China.
4.Similarities : Feminism and Marxism have some same important aspects in research ,like control over resources and power,contradicting interests in society,injustice and oppression within society and social structure
Differences : The two theories differ in their ultimate objectives. The feminist theory is interested in gender equality through the abolishment of the patriarchal system while Marxism rejects capitalism. Through communism, the workers gain awareness of their afflictions thus bringing into action an ideal system of a classless society where benefits are shared amongst all (Mouffe 2014).

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1.
Common: they are all social theory and not mention about stability.
Difference: Conflict theory focuses more on the problem and solution between social class while functionalism focuses more on social cohesion between social institutions.

2.
Local politics: The conflict between the government and the people
office work: conflict theory between the employers and the employees
Education: poor-educated citizens and highly-educated citizens

3.
Myanmar: Based on 2008 constitution law, a women named, Aung San Su Kyi who is known as the daughter of the activist general Aung San cannot become a president even though the majority of the people have voted her. And therefore, she works as a president advisor until the military coup.
China: Women will be discriminated from man in workplace and politics because they think women more emotion and not rational when they decide major decision.
Turkey: Turkey's domestic policy is a bit complicated and therefore, when any new rule or law will be issued, citizens usually come to solidarity in social unity. There are many factors such as actions, protests or all kinds of fights.

4.
common: They are all conflict
difference: Marxism conflict between rich class and poor class; Feminism the right of man  and the right of women

5. Bourgeoisie, Proletariat

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1. Functionalism proposes that each individual contributes to the society’s overall performance and stability. In comparison conflict theory suggest that due to the competition for resources, the society is in a state of perpetual conflict. Basically, the differences lie in the way these two theories explain transmission, as well as way functionalists are more accepting and conflict theorists want to change things. The two theories are similar in their views of structure and culture.
2. In education, class differences can include the fact that those in the ruling class can afford private education which provides their children with higher educational attainment opportunities, which those in the working class (lower class) have to suffice which public education which provides less educational attainment. Therefore, the bourgeoisie on top and the proletariat at the bottom.
As well as through education a labour market is created so that the lower class stay in the lower class sector.
3. In modern society men’s and women’s still have different positions and roles. Society is still patriarchal. For instance, there is still more men on powerful positions compared to women. For example, in Ukraine there is just 21% of women and 30% in Zimbabwe in a parliament. Some countries prevent women from going to school or work as they believe women should take the expressive role for example religion can be used as an ideological agent of social control as most religious figures are mainly men e.g. Jesus, Prophet Muhammad which further influence patriarchal ideology as well as how in the bible Adam was created before Eve.
4. Marxism discusses a type of inequality that results from capitalism’s class relations. It recognizes that the main stem of oppression in capitalist systems in disparity. On the other hand, the inequality between genders is a different type of inequality that is addressed by feminism. In patriarchal countries, gender inequality is seen by feminism as the main form of oppression. Therefore the goal of Marxist feminist framework is to liberate women by changing the circumstances that lead to their exploitation and oppression.
5. Interesting concepts we found were Thesis and Antithesis which we found interesting because despite attempts to make society more stable conflict of power always occurs through an antithesis.

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3- give as many examples of gender differences in the a public sphere as you can :

- women cary the load of domestic duties way more than men

-men are at the top of most political institations

-most businesses are owned by men

-women make up most of the jobs that lean towards assistance and servitude

4 - Compare Marxism & Feminism

both Marxism& feminism theorise that most of the social power is held by a specific demographic (in marxism

it's the upperclass, in feminism it’s men) and that the other party/ demographic is exploited and taken advantage. they both aim to abolish the unequal treatment of a specific in group of members in society

5- Radical feninism is interesting because it calls for the complete reformation of the system rather than find ways to get women’s rights within the current system

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Xiaotian Peng, Jingyi Li, Runchao Zhu, Wanchen Li, Rui Qian, Kevin

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Xiaotian Peng, Jingyi Li, Runchao Zhu, Wanchen Li, Rui Qian, Kevin

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1. Compare conflict theories to functionalism.
Conflict theory is a general term that refers to the views put forward by several different scholars in sociology and social psychology. Structural functionalism is also inclusive of sociological and psychological explanations. But the common denominator is that both conflict theory and structural functionalism encompass both sociological and psychological.
2. Give as many examples as you can of class differences in opportunities.
The children of the high class can receive better educational resources. At work, they also enjoy better social resources to help them complete their jobs or get promoted. And people at higher levels have more access to politics.

3. Give as many examples as you can of gender differences in the domestic and public sphere.

Women are often underrepresented in politics, with fewer women holding positions of power compared to men. For example, in China, women hold only around 25% of seats in the National People's Congress. Women are also often underrepresented in the workforce, with fewer women in leadership positions and higher-paying jobs. In China, women hold only around 30% of senior management roles in the private sector. Women tend to take on more unpaid domestic labor, such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare, compared to men. This is often referred to as the "second shift." In China, women spend around 4 hours more per day than men on domestic work. In some countries, girls may have less access to education compared to boys. For example, in rural areas of China, girls are less likely to attend school than boys.
4. Compare Marxism and feminism.
Although both Marxism and feminism focus on the principle of fairness, they still have differences. Marxists believe that the economic system is unequal and unfair. All the actions of Marxists are aimed at changing the existing economic order and redistributing wealth and power. Feminists believe that social injustice is caused by the strong party's discrimination against the weak party.

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1. Similarity:

Marxism and functionalism are both structural theories that look as society as whole and highlight the importance of social institutions and structures.

Both Marxism and Functionalism believe individuals are influenced by society.

Differences:

Functionalism focuses on social structures and institutions effects on individual in terms of cohesion and integration, but Marxism focuses on conflict between social classes.

Functionalism gets criticised for using words like 'stability' that hide injustice in society, while Marxism highlights the injustice of a society built on the exploitation of the working class by the bourgeoisie.

Functionalism believes that social cohesion and integration will help the advancement of society, while Marxism believes only a revolution of the working class will help transform society for the better.

2. Education - Higher social class would provide access towards more prestigious schools and higher quality education.

Working - As a result of the more prestigious education, people are not only more equipped to land a more prestigious jobs but they are also given the opportunity to interact with others of the same high social status.

Healthcare - A higher social class would provide access to better healthcare service and professionals, that would otherwise be unattainable.