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“You are assigned 3 posts only. Post one high-quality answer. Short, exam-focused, highligted keyword, bullet points."

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1 Greenhouse gases

2 climate change

3 indian mongoose

4 cane toad

5 python

6 red lionfish

1 water hyacinth

2 japanese knotweed

3 hunting by human

4 keystone species - otters

5 african bush elephant

6 pandas, rhino, tiger

1 deforestation reasons

2 habitat fragmentation

3 effects of deforestation

4 sewage pollution

5 death of seals

6 acid rain effects

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“You are assigned 1 post only. Post one high-quality answer. Short, exam-focused, highligted keyword, bullet points."

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1 zoo: captive breeding programme

2 botanic gardens: roles + examples

3 conserved areas + examples

4 frozen zoos: routine activities

5 seedbanks: roles + examples

6 types of seeds

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1 storing gametes

2 artificial insemination

3 challenges in frozen zoo

4 IVF

5 embryo transfer

6 surrogacy

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“You are assigned 1 post only. Post one high-quality answer. Short, exam-focused, highligted keyword, bullet points."

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1 3 5 IUCN

2 4 6 CITES

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• Spreads rapidly when it's in a new habitat.

• Blocks sunlight from reaching aquatic plants and reduces O2 concentration in water, killing fish.

• Provides habitat for mosquitoe larvae, thus aiding in the spread of mosquito related diseases such as malaria amongst the human population.

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Embryo transfer can be used to avoid the risks of pregnancy for the vulnerable female so that she can provide many eggs for multiple offspring.

THE PROCESS:

An egg belonging to the female of the species is fertilized by the sperm belonging to a male of the species.

A zygote forms which develops into an embryo.

After fertilization, the embryo is taken from the uterus of the female and transferred to a surrogate female.

(surrogate: any female that becomes pregnant with the embryo from another female and carries the embryo full term.)

The embryo develops to full term and the offspring is born.

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IUCN assess conservation status

Refer to Red List (of Threatened Species)

Influence governments

Educate the public about the species in question

And promote sustainable use of natural resources

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Burmese Pythons invaded Everglades National Park, Florida

Humans brought them in as pets

Their owners cannot look after them anymore -> let them go into the wild

Pythons feed on mammals and birds -> competing with native predators

Efforts to remove pythons have failed -> can only try to stop increasing the population

Latest update: https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/earth-systems/blog/florida-vs-the-burmese-python-how-an-invasive-giant-is-changing-the-sunshine-state/

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Captive breeding programmes for giant pandas in China:

Purpose

Maintain populations of endangered species

Increase population size, reduce rate of extinction

Protect species from threats

Raise public awareness

Challenges

Inbreeding

Lack survival skills

Behavioural problems

Unsuccessful reintroduction

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roles of seed banks and examples:

A seed bank is a facility that conserves plant diversity by drying and storing seeds in a temperature controlled environment

seeds of the same species are collected from diﬀerent sites to maintain gene pool.

Seeds can be stored long term.

maintains the genetic diversity

Protect species from extinction

Provide seeds for habitat restoration

Stored for safekeeping

Examples: Millennium seed bank (UK), Svalbard Global Seed Vault (Norway)

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-Loss of biodiversity.

-Increased CO2 concentration. (can cause climate change that can lead to global warming)

-Soil erosion and flooding.

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Group 2. climate change- coral bleaching

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Group 2. climate change- coral bleaching

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-Algae in polyps will leave the coral if the temp remains high which leads to coral turning white and as a result the coral will die

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Acid rain destroyed vegetation and led to the acidification of aquatic ecosystems in parts of the world downwind of highly industrialised areas. Acid rain is a low pH. Hence, few animals that can survive in waters of low pH will die making the biodiversity has decreased markedly.

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Has a strong growth that can force its way through concrete and damage buildings

It out competes native species by reducing the space where they can grow

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• A sample from a male is collected, it is then checked for sperm activity & is diluted with a medium containing a buffer & albumen.

• Small volumes of semen are put into thin tubes (straws).

• Stored in liquid nitrogen at -196°C, where metabolic activity stops & viability is maintained.

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Keystone species of the savannah grasslands of East and Southern Africa

Are very destructive of vegetation -> push over and eat many tree species

This extreme form of grazing helps to maintain the ecosystem with a large diversity

Elephant dung provides a very rich habitat, an ecosystem,  for -> fungi and dung beetles

Elephants were once hunted for their ivory -> decreasing their populations

Now protected by international agreements, still at risk of poaching to supply the ivory

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Human activities

agriculture

logging

infrastructure expansion

Natural

forest fire

natural disaster

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The industrialisation , extraction and combustion of fossil fuels have led increase in Co2 and methane.

The greenhouse gases rises the temperature which alters their habitats faster than species can evolve, migrate or reproduce causes risk of extinction. (Etc. melting ice, rising sea levels, shifting ecosystems)

Organisms are expected to migrate to other habitats and competition between migrating and species in existing communities

The build-up of greenhouse gases is leading to climate change

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-Regulator of pest population

-Become a predator of other animals

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Seed banks

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Hunting by done by humans for many reasons that include

-obtaining precious animal-derived materials like ivory, fur and hides

-obtaining meat from animals

-for sport

-for trophy

Hunting can cause an species’ extinction by removing individuals of a species faster than they can reproduce to replace the previous individuals that were hunted.

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Large habitat separated into smaller parts of different habitat or areas

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-They collect seeds from the wild to establish a population of the endangered species in captivity

-They do research on the species, protect the endangered species and do breeding programs

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are used in factories

Thrown out as waste which flow directly into rivers without treatment

Even though PCBs are no longer used, the substance persists in the environment has entered food chains

Its effects are contributing to the deaths of seals in the North Sea from a viral infection

To learn more: https://northeastfc.uk/Pages/250819Infographic-PCBs-Seals.html

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It is when the semen is inserted through the cervix and into uterus. Then ovulates to produce large number of follicles and the resulting embryos are flushed out and transferred to other females

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- Trades agreements law between governments

- Prevent international trade of endangered species or certain animal products

- CITES considers evidence presented to it about endangered species and assigns them to one of three Appendices stated in the image above.

- CITES listing does not always benefit a species (if trade in species/products become illegal -> price of products rises causing more trade to occur)

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some example of the animals on the IUCN red list

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Assesses conservation status of animal & plants species around the world

IUCN has their own classification system

Several different categories & levels that a species can fall into depending on population numbers & threats & risks to those populations

Animals on the IUCN Red List can be seen online

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-Egg cells from female species are difficult to freeze because egg cell can be easily damaged. (forms ice crystals which damages internal membrane)

-Expensive. (liquid nitrogen, advanced equipment)

-Limited genetic material. Which leads to low genetic diversity.

•Genetic diversity=Variety of genes of one species which allows adaptation and different characteristics.

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1) Highly invasive species due to:

expansion of its niche

increasing population density

few predators in the Atlantic

immune to many local parasites

reproduce year-round

2) Impact on Biodiversity

They eat a wide variety of small fish and invertebrates (over 70 species recorded), lowering biodiversity of the ecosystem.

reduce population of native reef fishes by up to 79% which causes local extinction in a specific, local area of small, juvenile reef fish.

By eating herbivores like parrotfish, lionfish indirectly contribute to algae overgrowth on coral reefs, further destroying the ecosystem.

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The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is

an international organisation working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It

-assesses the conservation status of animal and plant species around the world and

-has a red list which classifies endangered animals into different categories and levels depending on the species’ population number and the threats and risks its population faces.

-has a global agreement

- aims to control the trade of endangered species and their associated products

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Eggs collected from a female

sperm added to eggs outside the body in laboratory conditions

fertilisation occurs in culture medium

early embryo allowed to develop

embryo transferred into a female uterus

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Summary: all three are endangered species bc of human activities(eg: poaching, agriculture expansion, construction) , climate change(lost of habitat) & ↓prey and ↑predators

Pandas

only eat bamboos →Low nutritional density.

Long time to digest → don't live a very active lifestyle.

Can only thrive in bamboo forest →have been under threat by human activity

Climate change and deforestation → major habitat loss.

Very few predators but may be vulnerable to attacks from other animals like bears, snow leopards, and feral dogs.

Historically hunted for their fur

Rhinos

Poaching & Illegal trafficking of rhino horns → trade has been banned (CITES) since 1977, yet the black-market demand for rhino horn is high

Lack of habitat → Need a large area in which to feed and roam, affects the chances of successful breeding and recovery will further decline. ↓↓↓

Tigers

Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade: for their skin, bones, and body parts

Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Agricultural expansion, timber harvesting, and road construction have destroyed forest

Human-Wildlife Conflict: As habitats shrink, tigers often move into human-populated areas →cause conflict → often killed in retaliation for attacking livestock.

Loss of Prey: As their natural prey (such as deer and wild boar) decreases, tigers cannot find enough food to survive.

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-It is a global agreement that has been signed by over 150 countries

-its aim is to control the trade of endangered species and their associated products

-cites categorises the endangered species into 3 appendices:

1)species that face the greatest risk of extinction

2)species that are not endangered but will be unless trade is closely controlled

3)species included at request of the country that is regulating trade of the species and trying to prevent its overexploitation

There are different trading regulations in each appendix:

1)all trades of the species are banned

2)trade is only granted if an export permit has been issued by the involved countries

3)permits are required for regulated trade

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-National parks are areas within countries where the wildlife and environment are protected.

-There are several restrictions:

1-Humans access is strictly controlled.

2-Industrial activities such as agriculture and

building are tightly regulated.

3-Hunting is limited or completely prohibited.

- Marine parks are protected areas of water that have

endangered marine ecosystems and species been set up for the conservation of endangered species.

They also have restrictions:

1-Prevent the overfishing and pollution.

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Surrogate mother (surrogacy):

- Female mammal that receives an embryo from another female.

- Embryo is implanted into uterus by embryo transfer / IVF.

- Surrogate becomes pregnant and carries embryo to term.

- Offspring is not genetically related to surrogate (no egg from surrogate used).

- Used in conservation to increase reproduction/preserve endangered species

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1. Types of Storage Seeds

Orthodox Seeds (Long-lived): Can withstand desiccation (drying to 5% moisture) and freezing (below -18°C) without damage.

Role: They can be stored for decades or centuries in seed banks.

Recalcitrant Seeds (Short-lived): Cannot tolerate high levels of desiccation or low temperatures. They die if dried or frozen.

Examples: Tropical plants, such as coffee and cocoa.

Conservation Method: Cryopreservation (liquid nitrogen at -196°C).

Intermediate Seeds: Can tolerate partial drying but are sensitive to freezing.

2. Types of Seeds (Genetic Diversity)

Collected from various sites to capture a wide range of alleles. This is important for ensuring the species has the genetic variation to adapt to environmental changes.

Rare/Endangered Plant Seeds: Seeds of rare and threatened species are targeted for preservation to prevent total extinction.

Crop Wild Relatives (CWR): Seeds from wild relatives of domesticated plants are stored. They contain valuable genes for resistance to pests, diseases, or drought.