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Article I of the Haitian Constitution declares that the island of Saint-Domingue will now unite into a nation known as the Haitian Empire. This name invokes a sense of the French Revolution's ideals to fight against the old regime of the French Empire and bring it into a new political era. This is further supported by the short sentence of Article II declaring that "slavery is abolished forever." Although slavery under France had been abolished in the colonies, the relation of Haiti's declaration of being an empire combined with this short phrase in close proximity, suggests a value of being seen united in a common cause for individual rights and liberties. Thus, the Haitian Constitution matches the values of the French Revolution in focusing on the sacredness of property rights (Art. VI), as well as other rights emphasized in The Rights of Man such as the law being for everyone, both in punishment and in protection. In so stating, the Haitian Constitution enshrines the idea of being born out of the French Revolution, yet a separate country free to run its own affairs as the people see fit.

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The Rights of Man and the French Revolution

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The Rights of Man and the French Revolution

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The Rights of Man is a founding document when it came to the idea of civil liberties in the French Revolution. In it are enshrined such ideas as ending political association in favor of natural rights. Natural rights were synonymous with "liberty, property, security and resistance of oppression" (pg.169). As such, this quote holds significance because it emulates the values of the French Revolution as well as the French people's desires from the old regime. Furthermore, the French Revolution valued the idea of law and rights as subject to utility in that one's rights should not trample the rights of other citizens (pg. 170). Therefore, the Rights of Man are significant in supporting the values of individual rights for all while protecting the rights of associations.

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The Napoleonic Code is symbolic of the long-lasting legacy that the French Revolution has had on modern-day France and the world. This is due to the fact that the Napoleonic Code is a document still in use today, albeit amended. Thus, a portion of the code that I focused on is the rights of man and women to divorce in cases of adultery. In Chapter the First Of Causes of Divorce, part 229 addresses the husband's right to divorce his wife in cases of adultery on her part. In this same chapter, part 230 the wife is addressed and given the same right, the linguistic choice difference is "...where he shall have kept his concubine in their common house."

Although the document was meant to be applied equally to every citizen of France, women's rights in this area are seemingly curtailed explicitly in comparison to men. When it comes to divorce, a key idea that I noticed is that women's right to divorce over adultery is limited to adultery in the home. This is supported by the cultural expectation that the home is the women's territory and the husband's job is to furnish it and pick the location.

Today, the idea has changed in that women are being recognized more and more around the world as having equal rights as men. However, the French Revolution was significant for women's rights as it gave rise to women's movements when documents such as The Rights of Man are being applied to mean rights exclusively for the male citizen, not every citizen.

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The Haitian Constitution and end of slavery

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The Haitian Constitution and end of slavery

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The Haitian Constitution of 1805 is written to specifically remove not only slavery as existing in Haiti (Preliminary Declaration Article 2), but even removes the allowance for visiting Caucasians to use titles of “master” or “proprietor”, but even to the point of not being allowed to acquire property in the nation. In this way, the government of Haiti will block any internal takeover of the nation by outside influences. Those methods of blocking influential third party nations from taking control of governments internally have become important for many countries since that time. Other nations would adopt anti-slavery messages in their national laws over time, with some even moving from a state of freedom to one of more subjugation (Napoleonic Code), but the Constitution of Haiti was one of the first to declare the full abolition of people as a property, with ongoing safeguards against it's return, and keep that ideal to the present.

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The Civil Code - Households and property

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The Civil Code - Households and property

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Book 1, Title VI, Section II, Article 270 of the Civil Code details what a woman’s rights are in affixing seals to property within her shared living space with her husband when entering into divorce, so that the value of the property of movable goods can be measured into a full valuation of community property, as stated “for the preservation of her rights”. The Civil Code, while rigidly defining the roles of a husband and a wife in a marriage relationship, did offer many protections to the woman that did not exist as a guaranteed secular right previously. This Civil Code was a written by a nation establishing a secular, nation-wide, legal system of rights and responsibilities with heavy emphasis on the household and property rights, while again looking toward a more moderate-to-conservative focus. These attitudes of conservatively giving rights, while still creating a system of gender bias of favoring the male role over women in many matters of property and estate, would be followed by many nations.

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The French Revolution was historically significant globally because it took a number of the pre-existing and commonplace restrictions on society and changed them to create a more, albeit not completely, open and free society, granting rights and freedoms to groups that may not have had any codified guaranteed rights before that time. The Rights of Man, Article XI, gives a freedom of speech and press as long as the person is not abusing this right, and even so must be found abusive in a court of law. In having such an article, the Rights of Man guarantees not only free flow of information, but also of political and religious debate that before would have otherwise been a punishable offense. To the French revolutionists of the late 1780s the ability to speak out against a standing political power was one of the most important doctrines that one could have, and would culminate a few years later in the deposition of the French monarchy.

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One of the articles in the Napoleonic Code that really stood out to me was #226. Article 226 was different from most of the articles in the code because it didn't require the authorization of the wife's husband. Based on my reading of the code, a wife can do very few things without the approval/consent of her husband, or a judge (another male). However, Article 226 allows a wife to set up her will without the authority of her husband. It also, surprisingly, doesn't establish many other things relating to the stipulations of the will. Overall, this article appears to be a step in the right direction, among many other articles that are very detrimental to women's rights.

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One article in the Haitian Constitution that I thought was of great value or importance was Article 29. Article 29 establishes how Haiti will hopefully prevent a tyrannical leader from going too far. It lays out criteria that would lead to the grounding of removal, and the process that must be followed to do so. It is well thought out and almost establishes a set of checks and balances, preventing the Emperor from becoming too powerful or not following the Constitution or law of Haiti. Once the leader is classified as a "threat to society," the counselors of the state will remove the leader and replace them. It was probably very important when establishing the constitution to prevent a tyrannical leader, based on how they probably viewed Napoleon.

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The Napoleonic Code (1804) Article 213: "The husband owes protection to his wife, the wife obedience to her husband." This statement reflects the patriarchal norms of the 19th century, emphasizing the husband's role as the protector and the wife's duty to obey him. It emphasizes the traditional gender roles and power dynamics of the time. This code influenced legal systems in many parts of the world, and its principles on gender roles have pushed back women's rights for many years.

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While many of the rights outlined in The Rights of Man are of great importance to the natural rights it gave most citizens, not all citizens got the benefit of all of the natural rights (women and enslaved individuals). Nevertheless, one right I found particularly important was X (10). It outlines that no man may be "molested" based upon his opinions, including religious values, so long as he doesn't "disturb the public order." Essentially, this allows citizens to hold unpopular opinions and practice a religion of their choice. This was years ahead of many other countries; and, in fact, many countries today have a similar clause in their constitution or laws.

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The Haitian Constitution (1805) Article 14

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The Haitian Constitution (1805) Article 14

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"Because all distinctions of color among children of the same family must necessarily stop, Haitians will henceforth only be known generically as Blacks.” This declaration speaks to national unity and challenges the prevailing racial hierarchies of the time. The country shaped by a slave-led revolution, this article tries to remove color distinctions, bring a collective identity and purpose among the populace.

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The Rights of Man" (1789) Article 1 states, "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on considerations of the common good." This article refuted the privileges of birth and status, emphasizing all individuals' inherent equality. It proposed that societal roles should benefit the collective rather than serve individual birthrights. This principle reshaped France and influenced global perspectives on rights and equality.

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I chose Article 213 because it is very different compared to the rest of the document. Article 213 says "The husband owes protection to his wife, the wife obedience to her husband." While most of the Napoleonic code is ingenuous and still holds up to this day, Article 213 is a bit archaic and doesn't make much sense. Women helped kickstart the revolution with the march on Versailles. Women did so much for the revolution and yet they got nothing from it. It's one of the few failures of the revolution. The women have been relegated to the property of their husbands. Even after what they fought for it wouldn't be until the European Revolutions of 1848 that they gained their rights.

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Much of this document is essentially described in Article 213 which states that "the husband owes protection to his wife, the wife obedience to her husband." This document is essentially explaining how a wife is to follow and obey her husband no matter what, but she is not necessarily "owed" anything. She is to be submissive while her husband holds all authority for his family at home and in public. This shows how women were treated in a very specific and unfortunate manner at this time, and were not provided with many rights or opportunities.

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The Article I found the most interesting was article XV. Article XV says that the public, no matter nationality or social standing, has the right to have administrators or government officials disclose information about what they do and what they are working on. This is a fundamental principle of democracy. It gives the country a defense against those trying to take power. It also helps the populace understand what it is the government is working on. This is still true today and can be seen in every successful democracy on the planet. It was as important to the First French Republic, as it is to us today.

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The part that stood out to me the most in the Haitian Constitution is Article 4. It says "The law is the same to all, whether it punishes, or whether it protects.". This is meant to protect impartial treatment in the legal process. It is meant to make it so no matter what social status, you would be treated the same. It protects the poor and the rich but also holds both of them accountable for their actions. It helps defend against the possible abuse that people in power can use. This kind of law is still used in most democratic countries in the world. It's one of the great things about democracy, and helps them survive, from the French revolution to the present.

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I decide to chose article 7 as the most important article, where it states that everyone in France will essentially enjoy having civil rights and liberties. This is very significant seeing that the civilian of France want to obtain civil rights and liberties, even though France during this time having civil right and liberties were not accessible in the France political system. By getting civil rights and liberties by the implementation of article 7, this can expand the quality of life for everyone in France.

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I found that the most interesting article in the Haitian Constitution was article 4 where it states "The law is the same to all, whether it punishes, or whether it protects." I think this is a very big factor that plays into the legal aspects of the constitution, where it not only protects individuals rights but it promises that no matter your power or title, everyone is held accountable. This is very important when it comes to those trying to abuse their power and get around the law. Article 4 is a beneficial clause/law that is good in every aspect and is good for judicial systems and stability in a nation.

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One of the articles that stood the most out to me and is the most important is article VII. This portion of the document is a very important concept because it talks about how men should not be tried for a crime if the law is not written that it is illegal. I found that this was a main concept that came in with the revolution. It reflects on the ideology of freedom of speech and how those should not have repercussion or should be punished based on a law that does not exist or is illegal.

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One of the articles that really stood out to me was Article 5, which reads: "The law cannot be retroactive." The inclusion of this shows how the people of Haiti were tired of being oppressed by unjust laws. Retroactive laws are often oppressive and unjust, so it shows how significant the Revolution was to include something like this into the constitution. They were done being oppressed.

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The article that stood out to me in this document was Article XV, which states: "Every community has a right to demand of all its agents an account of their conduct." This essentially means that the people have a right to hold their officials accountable, and the public officials must be fully transparent about what they are doing. This is a massive point in terms of the French Revolution. It essentially demands democracy for the citizens of a nation who have been burned by their politicians time and time again.

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This Constitution reveals a lot about how Haiti was affected by the Revolution, but one of the articles that stands out to me as being one of the more significant articles is Article 2, which reads, "Slavery is abolished forever." Although all of these articles state how the nation is to be ruled and operated, the way this article is phrased is very telling about the mindset of the citizens of the time. The use of the word "forever" is important to this rule, as this is obviously a very significant issue and they have left no room for interpretation.

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One of the articles that I found to be one of the most important was Article IV, which states: "Political Liberty consists in the power of doing whatever does not injure another. The exercise of the natural rights of every man, has no other limits than those which are necessary to secure to every other man the free exercise of the same rights". I think this is one of the most telling articles in how the French Revolution affected the people and the nation because it states that everyone should be allowed the freedom to do what they please, as long as it does not hurt anyone else. Early world history holds much violence and discrimination of minorities, or those who do not follow the majority, and this article is a step in the right direction in allowing all citizens to be free and able to live their lives however they please.

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The Napoleonic Code refutes the progress that the French Revolution set out to enforce. This is reflected in article 215. This talks about how women are no longer aloud to act in law without their husband. The French Revolution was a point where women were starting to be treated better than they had been in the past. This shows how Napoleon was trying to reverse the progress of the revolution. This sets women back to before the progressiveness of the French Revolution.

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One of the most important concepts in this document comes from article VII. This is the article of the document that talks about how men shouldn't be prosecuted if what they did isn't written as illegal. This is one of the prime ideas that came out of the Revolution which is why I found it to be so significant. It reflects the original ideology that came out of the revolution which is that men should have a freedom to speech.

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This source is very important just by Napoleons conquests which spread it all over Europe and allowed it to last into the future. I chose article 8- "Every Frenchman shall enjoy Civil Rights". This is the core freedoms present in western democracies. Countless countries have the same kind of laws and the fact it still exists all over the world shows the relevance of it.

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I chose article 231 of this document due to its stark contrast to the rest of the document. With the introduction of the Napoleonic code, many rights of women were revoked, or brought back to prerevolution thinking. However, article 231, did provide women rights within the divorce process. This was almost unheard of in most European countries and therefore created a lasting effect in the world scope. However, this does not account for all of the rights revoked in this code and therefore the documenet as a whole was a step back in this regard, essentially setting the progress back 20 years in a way.

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I chose Article VII which essentially states that everyone in France will enjoy civil rights and liberties. This is significant as the people of France obviously are unopposed to civil rights and liberties for all as we've discussed in this class, however France at this point had not really put their money where their mouth is. Thus, this can be seen as a turning point for quality of life in France.

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I found article XII the most significant. A "public force" was most likely a jarring term during this time. Many during this time were in the swing of the revolution, the idea of post revolution governance most likely off put people. However, the inclusion of this article showed to those on the outside of the revolution that they had a plan for order and peace. This not only could have won favor with nobility but also showed the world that this was not just another uprising but a change to the country.

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This source shows how another nation adopted a liberal minded constitution with similar ideals to ones of previous years. My choice was article 6- "Property is sacred, its violation shall be severely prosecuted." This article shows how important private property was for liberal constitutions and to this day it is still one of the hallmarks of western democracy.

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"The law is the same to all, whether it punishes or protects." -Article 4, Haitian Constitution, 1805

This is exactly what democracy is. Nobody is above the law. Previously, this was established in the Magna Carta back in 1215, and this is still upheld in democracies throughout the world to this day. The fact that this is fourth on the list of amendments to the Haitian constitution shows how heavily the Haitian people value equality under the law, which is a very noble and respectable thing.

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"The law is the same to all, whether it punishes or whether it protects." I found this article to mean the most. The Haitian Constitution could have been ordered differently. Instead of equality to all, the new ruling class of Haiti had the power to inflict the same laws and regulations on the people they once suffered under. Instead, they looked passed revenge and focused on creating an article not specific to them but for everyone on the Island. This is significant because it showed the validity and that this new government was there for the peoples common interests.

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The section of The Rights of Man that stuck out to me the most was Article XV which basically says the public has a right to require politicians and public officials to be transparent about their administrations and their jobs. I think this is significant as I believe this is what democracy is rooted in. If we don't question our public leaders, we don't have a country. The people we elect into power work for us, not the other way around, or else the society isn't a democracy. This was true back in the 1700s and it is just as true today, no matter where in the world you are.

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I will look at article III- "The nation is essentially the source of all sovereignty; nor can any individual, or any body of men, be entitled to any authority which is not expressly derived from it. This source does a great job showing what objectives of the revolution at the time were. This specific article to me shows how nationalism had begun to take hold of nations. No longer could independent groups operate within a nation with any significant power.

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I found three of the articles show the significance of the Revolution. Those are articles 2, 50, and 51. Article two states "Slavery is abolished forever". This was the beginning of abolition for slaves around the world and was a progressive idea to come out of the revolution. There were also articles 50 and 51 which I found significant. These articles stated that Haiti would have religious freedom. This was a significant thing to come out of the Revolution because it represented the idea of all men being equal and having the natural rights to their own thoughts, which is a direct result of the Revolution.

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The passage, "The wife is obliged to live with her husband, and to follow him to every place where he may judge it convenient to reside: the husband is obliged to receive her, and to furnish her with everything necessary for the wants of life, according to his means and station." in the Napoleonic Code of 1804 establishes legal duties for spouses, emphasizing unity and support. It requires the wife to reside with her husband wherever he believes suitable, reinforcing the expectation of unity and obedience. The husband is legally obligated to provide for his wife's basic needs, including food, clothing, and shelter, based on his means and social standing. This condition, which reflects gender norms of the time, places the husband as the primary provider and head of the household while the wife is expected to be a supportive partner. These principles have had a lasting influence on family law globally, forming the basis for modern codes in many places.

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Article 4 in the Haitian Constitution of 1805 that says that "The law is the same to all, whether it punishes, or whether it protects"  represents a commitment to impartiality in legal processes. It not only protects people' rights, but it also guarantees that those in positions of power will be held accountable. It limits the possible abuse of power and ensures consistent and impartial legal proceedings. This law has significantly impacted judicial systems on a global level by establishing a standard of justice that is essential for a stable society.

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The concepts of Article XIII – "For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenditures of administration, a common contribution is indispensable; it must be equally distributed to all the citizens, according to their ability to pay." "The Rights of Man" left a lasting mark on modern society. It paved the way for today's tax systems, supporting the idea of proportional taxation based on a person's wealth. This is still seen in progressive taxation in many democratic countries today. It was meant to ensure that higher-income people pay more of their earnings.  It stressed the citizen's responsibility for maintaining the state and addressed economic disparities by requiring those with more money to pay more of the government's expenses. I think this shows that equal taxation has been the key to maintaining a just and functioning society.

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This primary source is significant as it was accessible and readable to all French citizens. One article that stood out to me was “The wife is obligated to live with her husband, and to follow him wherever he may think proper to dwell: the husband is bound to receive her, and to furnish her with every thing necessary for the purposes of life, according to his means and condition.” I think it is significant because The Rights of Man stated everyone has rights that cannot be taken away, except for women. Even though the husband is expected to provide for the wife and family, she is still obligated to follow him no matter what.

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The primary source is significant because it abolished slavery. I think there are two significant articles. First “Article 1. By this document the people living on the island formerly called Saint-Domingue agree to form a free and sovereign state, independent of all the other powers of the universe, under the name of the Haitian Empire.” Secondly, “Article 2. Slavery is abolished forever.” The people that lived under Saint Domingue, formerly, were treated horribly and exposed to harsh conditions. I think these are two very powerful articles because right away this constitution establishes the island’s independence and abolishes slavery.

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This primary source is significant because it states that everyone has natural rights. I think one important article in this source is the first one. It states “Men are born, and always continue, free and equal in respect of their rights. Civil distinctions, therefore, can be founded only on public utility.” This is powerful statement, especially when it states “Men are born, and always continue free and equal…” It is saying no matter your class, the amount of wealth you have, or your rank, you have rights that cannot be taken away and you are equal to everyone else. Before the revolution, French citizens did not have these guarantees.

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The article that I chose from the Napoleonic code was article 216, stating "The authority of the husband is not necessary where a woman is prosecuted for criminal matters, or matters of police." I found this article to be hypocritical, as only in this matter does it allow women to be their own person in front of the law. In the two articles prior it was emphasized how the husband must act for the wife in other legal actions and the wife must follow the husband wherever he goes and in whatever he does. But now if she commits a crime she is suddenly deemed independent enough to fend for herself. If women were found independent in matters of crime they should be allowed to be independent in all other legal matters as well.

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The article from the Haitian Constitution that I found most interesting for a number of reasons was Article 9. This article stated that "No one is worthy of being a Haitian if he is not a good father, a good husband, and, above all, a good soldier." One reason that this article stood out to me because it shows that the Haitian constitution is very much centered around males as is Haitian citizenship. It makes no mention of women and immediately declares Haitians as males. This shows us that Haiti had no intention of extending citizenship and its rights to women at its inception. This article also shows us indirectly the bloody past that turned Haiti into a nation. The mention that a Haitian must be a good soldier touches on the importance of slave revolts and the combat that allowed not only black Haitians to be free but for Haiti to become a nation as well.

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The article that stood out to me the most from this document was article XII. This article stated that a public force exists for the benefit of the citizens and to uphold their rights and liberties, and not solely for the benefit of those in charge of it. I think this is important because in the case of a "public force", perhaps an army or police force, it is very important for that force not to be beholden to the will of a single person, as that is how tyranny and exploitation may come about. This was experienced firsthand by the French as for most of their history they had a military sworn to protect the king and not the rights of the people. They obviously learned from this and wanted an army dedicated to supporting the liberties and freedoms they had revolted to gain. I also thought it was an interesting parallel between them and the the armed forces of the United States who are not sworn to one man, in this case the president, but are sworn to uphold the Constitution.

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I think this document is significant because it a lot of senses it is the political pendulum swinging back in the opposite direction after such a radical swing in the french revolution. While this document walks back a lot of positive changes like ending slavery, it does not return all the way to where it was and continues to recognize some rights which are a product of the French Revolution. For example it denies the return of the old three estates and their influence on power and guarantees equal civic rights for all citizens which was not the case before the revolution. One area where it walks back rights are the rights of women, who lose almost all autonomy. In article VI it is proclaimed that a woman can do no act in law without the authority of her husband which severely limits a woman an her ability to live life and walks back that idea of citizenship and equality which was fought for in the revolution.

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This document is significant because it outlines the very ideals that the French revolution was propagating. It declares all men are free and equal in article 1 which eventually spreads to all men when the French temporarily abolish slavery. It declares the nation and not god are the source of sovereignty and ends the idea of divine right and gives basic political and civil rights to all people in a nation which is unique and a first for the time. It is these ideals, outlined in this document, and the battles to implement them that created the French Revolution and allowed these rights to permeate in society.

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I find the Haitian constitution very interesting because it in many senses echoes the Rights of Man which outlines the ideals of the French Revolution but in other senses it completely opposes it. Probably as a reaction to how they were mistreated by the French and wanted to prevent this from occurring again. For example, in the preamble of the Haitian constitution, the document is introduced "in the presence of the Supreme Being" which is identical to the Rights of man. Its 3rd article rhymes with the 3rd article in The Rights of Man when it proclaims that all Haitians are equal before the law and status can only come from what is earned through respect or compensation which rejects the divine privilege that monarchs of the past had proclaimed. I also find it interesting though that the Haitians find it necessary to be able to withhold citizenship to groups they see as outsiders or as bad citizens which I think is a reaction to colonialism and an attempt to protect from future influences.

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I found that Article 213 was the most interesting to me because it gives a basic summary as to the respective roles of men and women to each other within marriage in society. It is all the more interesting as this dichotomy was challenged during the opening years of the French Revolution with the ascension of women as a more active political class in French society. This article shows a clear example then, that Napoleon decided to keep some traditional, pre-Enlightenment ideals within his code of law, not entirely embracing the full scope of French Revolutionary ideas.

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I found Article 12 of the Haitian Constitution to be the most interesting. The very implementation of an article which denies all white men from owning property. One of the core rights as prescribed by the Rights of Man, and described as sacred by the Haitian Constitution itself is property. Therefore, this indicates to me that the new Haitian Empire was only concerned with implementing the aspects of the Revolution and the Enlightenment it liked, obviously taking some inspiration from Napoleon.

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I believe that Article X is the one that stood out to me. It highlights one of the core tenants of the French Revolutionaries, and of the Enlightenment itself, being the freedom of expression. I found it all the more important since almost immediately these 'rights' would be infringed upon by those who wrote them, via the purging of religious institutions and dissenting peoples/political factions (ex: Girondins). In a way, this reflects the actual nature of 'rights,' that being: rights are ultimately determined by the governing body (the law), as alluded to at the end of Article X itself.

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Article 221 stuck out to me. It states: "Where the husband has incurred a condemnation carrying afflictive or infamous punishment, although it shall only have been pronounced for contempt, the wife, even of full age, cannot, during the continuance of the punishment, do any act in law, nor contract, until after being authorized by the judge, who may, in such case, give authority, without the husband being heard or summoned." Basically, even if a woman's husband was in jail, she was still not free to make her own decisions. While before it would be her husband's job to make and approve decisions, the responsibility was now passed to the legal system and a judge made those decisions. Besides being extremely oppressive, this also seems to be a complete waste of time and unnecessary restriction of adult women. It's hard to imagine this in a modern context.

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I found the articles of worship (50-52) very interesting. While this wasn't the first time that freedom of religion was granted, most nations were founded on the implied preference of one religion or another. Article 50 states that "the law admits of no predominant religion." Article 51 continues that "the freedom of worship is tolerated." Article 52, in my opinion, is the most important because it says that "the state does not provide for the maintenance of any religion institution, nor or any minister." This totally goes against what had occurred for years in France with the relationship between the Catholic Church and the monarchy.

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Article III of this document stood out the most to me. Considering how, prior to this, state and church had been closely linked. Power was often used and abused to suit the monarchy's interests. This article essentially says that France's leader is not at a higher level of sovereignty or power than is allowed by the nation. Previous kings considered themselves "chosen by God" or that they were gods themselves.

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The article that stood out the most to me was under the title of divorce article 231 “The married parties may reciprocally demand divorce for cause of excess, cruelty, or grievous injuries, by the one of them towards the other.” While I do not agree with much of the law towards marriage under the code, I think that it does provide a different viewpoint than most marriage at that time. The code presents marriage as a mutual agreement between the husband and wife where both are obligated to keep up their end of the agreement and that women aren’t simply their husbands’ property. This article gives the wife protection to divorce her husband if he has been treating her bad and abusing her. She has the right to divorce him, which at this point in history I do not think was commonplace.

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The article that stood out to me was under General Measures and is Article 19 “In each military district, a public school will be established to educate the youth.”  Out of all of the things that the Haitian Constitution provides that are interesting and important, I think that this is the most important one. This is the first time I can recall in a history class where it specifically says in law that a public education will be provided to its youth. By showing the value that the Haitian people are putting in to educating its youth is very important and is something that is now seen essentially everywhere in the world.

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The article that stood out to me was article X “No man ought to be molested on account of his opinions, not even on account of his religious opinions, provided his avowal of them does not disturb the public order established by law.” I think that this is really important, because it is protecting the rights for people to have their own opinions on things and not have to worry about potential consequences. For much of history there have been societies where people could be put in jail or harassed by officials for not following the status quo. By protecting people’s rights to freedom of thought and opinion, that is a very powerful and important law.