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Sass, E. (n.d.). American Educational history: A hypertext timeline. American Educational History Timeline. https://www.eds-resources.com/educationhistorytimeline.html

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Horace Mann, born May 4, 1796, became the secretary of the newly founded Massachusetts State Board of Education in the year 1837. He vouched for the idea of funding public schools and improved training for teachers. He wanted to convince average families the benefits of placing their children into schools as opposed to keeping them in farms or workplaces. His overall belief of having a free and universal public education for all gained him a national popularity. Under Mann's leadership, schooling would be justified through an insurance policy meaning schools would also teach the value of honesty, hard work, cleanliness, respect for law, etc. By 1848, Mann would resign his position as Secretary to take Congressional seat following the death of John Quincy. Later he would go on to be the first president of Antioch College.

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Horace Mann made an impact to education because by providing a better funding and training for teachers in schools, this could ensure that children would be getting an education that would actually prove to be useful to them. Especially due to the fact that many were focused on being in the workforce to possibly gain money to provide for their families so giving that up to attend a school would be a huge risk. Additionally, Mann would also change schools to teach children basic morality and manners as opposed to just a regular academic curriculum. This would be able to teach children who weren't able to learn these kinds of teachings whether due to poverty or other reasons. Even today, these methods of teaching continue to hold true, helping them to prepare for their adult life after graduation.

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In 1879, the first Indian boarding school is opened in Carlisle, Pennsylvania by Lieutenant Richard Henry Pratt. 26 other schools would be modeled after, with the goal of assimilating Native children into the mainstream culture. At the time, the federal government was able to convince many Native American parents to send their children to their boarding schools under the impression that this would allow them to gain new social and economic opportunities. However, this was not the case. Instead, these boarding schools intended to deculturize the Native Indian children by the dominant white, Protestant population who believed Natives to be "savages" and needed "civilizing" and Christianity. At the schools these children would be stripped of their Native heritage by destroying their clothing, cutting their hair and even renaming them to names from the Protestant Bible. The school would not close until 1918 with many viewing their legacy as as alienation and "cultural dislocation."

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In 1857, the National Teachers Association, now recognized as the National Education Association (NEA) would be founded by 43 educators of Philadelphia. At the time teaching positions were mainly filled by females while government positions continued to male dominated. Despite the fact that teaching gave women career opportunities they received little pay and major exploitation. They were expected to teach more students than usual especially in areas where immigration flowed. After decades of neglect and mistreatment in the teaching profession, this caused an organization of teachers to eventually be formed known today as the NEA. The main focus of the NEA was to "address the interests of school administrators" but their focuses would change by the time Ella Flagg was elected as the new leader in 1910.

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Elementary & Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

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Elementary & Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

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On April 9, 1965, the Elementary & Secondary Education Act (ESEA) is passed by Lyndon Johnson who also worked alongside Congress who at the time, were democratically controlled. The ESEA would become known as the biggest expenditure of federal funds for public schools. The main focus of the act was to provide an increased federal funding for schools that had high levels of poor students. Along with the ESEA, there came other educational programs such as six Titles and bilingual education. Title I was a legislative focused that held 80% of total fundings of the law. These funds were then distributed to the poorer school districts. Meanwhile the other titles served to provide federal funding for school libraries, textbooks and instructional materials, English language acquisition, educational research, etc.

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The Elementary and Secondary Education act made an impact to education because by providing funds for schools, it allowed for education to continue and even improve further more. Through these funds, schools can receive better textbooks that can improve certain curriculums, improve the structures of schools and classrooms themselves to create a better learning environment for students. Even today, schools continue to gain these funds which you can notice from the way many old schools you may have attended have changed their structures, provide extra subjects for students to take, and much more.

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The Brown v. Board of Education was a combination of five cases from different states that were represented by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Originally, the NAACP had challenged the separate-but-equal doctrine and filed several cases where African American students were denied access to certain schools based on their race. This was mainly due to the fact that many schools at the time were white focused graduate schools since there were few available for those of color. These factors made the NAACP press the Supreme Court to acknowledge the fact that the states were failing to uphold the separate-but-equal doctrine. Eventually, by May 17th, the Supreme Court made its decision of the case ruling that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" causing the Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896 to be overturned.

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The National Teachers Association made an impact to the education world because it would improve the working conditions for teachings nationwide. Even today, the profession of teaching can sometimes be viewed as less significant compared to other professions. However, associations such as this remind everyone the importance of educators all around and the impact they leave on children. They help teach and guide the next generation of children to be prepared for the world which is constantly changing. If we continued to disregard their importance, it could lead to negative impacts on education as a whole either with fewer people willing to become teachers or refusing to teach at all.

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Although the Native American boarding schools are viewed as a negative impact to the world of education, the reason it could hold significance is because it can serve as a reminder. The purpose of schools are to teach, aid, and guide children in order to prepare them for the real world. In no way should schools attempt to change a student's identity or cultural background. If anything, schools should encourage their students to be proud of who they are and of their heritage allowing them to pursue certain profession that perhaps not many others may follow.

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The Brown v. Board of Education case was impactful to education because it helped enforce the idea of equal education. Currently, everyone has access to gain a higher education to almost any institution or university they wish to apply to. They are not denied access due to their race or background. During the time of the Brown v. Board of Education case and before then, while the U.S. claimed there to be an equal opportunity for every American citizens access to an education, there continued to be discriminations. Had the NAACP not pressured the Supreme Court to face the reality of what was happening with the education system, things in the education world today could have turned out a lot more differently, especially for those of color or immigrants.