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Describing the atom: The way and how the electrons moved was more in a cloud formation.

Conclusion: He could only predict where an electron might be at any given time. You cannot know both the position and speed of a particle with perfect accuracy.

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Describing the atom: Electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energies and distances, able to jump from one level to another but not to exist in the space between.

Conclusion: Rather than being discrete particles, electrons simultaneously behaved like waves, not being confined to a particular point in space.

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Describing the atom: The atoms thinly dispersed positive charge. The alpha particles pass through the gaps but bounce back from the dense positively charged nucleus.

Experiment: Shot small, positively charged alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil.

Conclusion: Atoms consisted largely of empty space with just a few electrons, while most of the mass was concentrated in the center (the nucleus).

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Describing the atom: Uniformly packed spheres of positive matter filled with negatively charged electrons.

Conclusion: Thomson won a Nobel Prize in 1906 for his electron discovery.

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Describing the atom: Common substances always break down into the same elements in the same proportions.

Conclusion: He concluded that the various compounds were combinations of atoms of different elements, each of a particular size and mass that could never be created or destroyed.