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Hydrothermal Vent Hypothesis (3.5-3.8 bya)

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Hydrothermal Vent Hypothesis (3.5-3.8 bya)

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The Hydrothermal Vent Hypothesis is a hypothesis that theorizes that LUCA was present in hydrogen rich environments such as hydrothermal vents. Evidence for this include fossils there from 3.7 bya as well as LUCA being proposed to have enzymes that are stable at high temperatures.

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Some examples of Dating Methods include: Biochemical evidence (mentioned before) which include finding bio signatures of life, Phylogenetic Comparisons which compare DNA instructions in species to determine how long it’s been since a common ancestor, and Radiometric Dating which estimates the ages of rocks based on it’s decay.

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Stromatolites are fossils which are the earliest evidence of life. This is example biochemical evidence and bio signatures are produced by cellular processes of life.

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LUCA is the last universal common ancestor. Meaning the last common ancestor between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. It is different from the FUCA (first), because the other lines of organisms went extinct at some point. Evidence for LUCA includes genetic code being universal and that all life shares transcription and translation. This highly implies or just means that every living organism had to have come from an ancestor who had that and on and on until it goes back to one.

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The RNA World Hypothesis is a hypothesis where self-replicating RNA existed before DNA and proteins. This theory was formed because the existence of life relies on things, 1. Self-replication and 2. Being able to act as a catalyst. DNA can fulfill one, being self replication, and proteins can be a catalyst, but it neither can do both. Therefore, initially, RNA had to be the first genetic material, although it is replaced in both of those it’s uses by DNA and proteins which function better in those.

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The process for vesicle formation starts with a clathrin, a protein, which is “recruited” to the membrane. Then, the clathrin molecules link together to pull on the membrane and forms a bud. This bud is then cut off from the membrane to form a vesicle.

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Oparin–Haldane Hypothesis + Miller–Urey (3.8-4 bya)

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Oparin–Haldane Hypothesis + Miller–Urey (3.8-4 bya)

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Oparin-Haldane hypothesis was a hypothesis that organic molecules could be formed from abiogenic materials. This theory depends on the environment/conditions of Pre-biotic earth. Miller-Urey experiment was a experiment based on the hypothesis and tested it to confirm that organic material could be formed. This experiment was done by “replicating” the conditions of things like low/no oxygen and energy sources from lightning and more.

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Spontaneous Origin Challenge (3.9-4 bya)

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Spontaneous Origin Challenge (3.9-4 bya)

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Life was at first believed to originate spontaneously or at once randomly, but was “disproven” by Louis Pasteur. Instead, cells came from other cells, biogenesis. This process, however, could only occur if cells existed so the theory of biogenesis is preceded by abiogenesis which is now impossible due to conditions of earth. So, now, biogenesis is the normal.

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Pre-Biotic Earth had terrible conditions which are impossible to replicate today. Had activity including meteorites in which water came from, lightning and volcanic eruptions, reducing atmosphere with little to no O2, didn’t have Ozone layer, and was extremely hot.