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A political scandal in the 1980s which was about the (undercover) sale of weapons to Iran by the U.S. government to fund Nicaraguan Contra rebels, leading to investigations and consequences led by congress.

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Fourteen year old Emmett Till, a Black teenager visiting family in Mississippi, was brutally murdered by two white men after allegedly whistling at a white woman. This horrific event is considered a crucial catalyst that propelled the Civil Rights Movement from a local issue into a national crusade for justice.

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The Haymarket Riot took place in Chicago during a labor demonstration advocating for an eight-hour workday. A bomb was thrown at police, leading to gunfire and chaos. Several police officers and civilians were killed, and labor leaders were arrested and controversially convicted. The event damaged the public image of labor unions but also strengthened the labor movement’s commitment to fighting for workers’ rights.

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The Mexican-American War was fought between the United States and Mexico after the U.S. annexed Texas, which Mexico still claimed. President James K. Polk’s belief in Manifest Destiny pushed the U.S. to expand westward. Major battles included Palo Alto and the capture of Mexico City by U.S. troops. The war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave the U.S. vast territories such as California, New Mexico, and Arizona. This expansion reignited fierce debates over whether slavery should extend into the new western lands.

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Mysterious explosion that sank the U.S. battleship in Havana Harbor in February 1898, killing most of the crew. Although the cause was unclear, American media quickly blamed Spain, with the event becoming the key emotional trigger for the Spanish-American War.

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The United States, under President Thomas Jefferson, purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. This doubled the size of the country and gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans from the Spanish, both crucial for trade. It also raised constitutional questions about whether the president had the power to acquire land this way.

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The French and Indian War was between Britain and France over control of the land in North America, especially the Ohio River Valley. Native American tribes allied with both sides, but many supported the French (since they were able to get along better). Britain’s victory gave them control of Canada and lands east of the Mississippi River. The war left Britain in debt, leading to taxes on the colonies that helped cause the American Revolution.

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Plessy v. Ferguson was a Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. Homer Plessy, who was of mixed racial background, challenged Louisiana’s law requiring separate train cars for Black and white passengers. The Court ruled against Plessy, arguing segregation did not violate the 14th Amendment as long as facilities were “equal.” This decision legalized segregation nationwide and set the foundation for Jim Crow laws in the South.

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NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) was a 1994 pact between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico that created a free-trade zone, eliminating most tariffs and barriers on goods and services.

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Four African American college students in Greensboro, North Carolina, began a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter, refusing to leave after being denied service. Their non-violent protest sparked a wave of similar sit-ins across the South as students challenged segregation in public facilities.

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The Spanish-American War was a brief conflict in 1898 that resulted in a decisive U.S. victory over Spain, marking America's emergence as a global power. The war was fought over Cuban independence and led to the U.S. gaining control of territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

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The Boston Tea Party took place as a protest against the British Tea Act. Colonists were angry about taxation without representation so they disguised themselves as Native Americans and dumped 342 chests of British tea into Boston Harbor. This act of defiance angered Britain and led to the Intolerable Acts. The event united the colonies in resistance and pushed them closer to revolution.

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The War of 1812 was fought between the U.S. and Britain due to trade restrictions, impressment of American sailors, and British support of Native American resistance. The war included battles such as the defense of Fort McHenry, which inspired the national anthem form a poem made by Francis Scott Key, and Andrew Jackson’s victory at New Orleans. In 1814, the British invaded Washington, D.C. and burned important buildings like the White House. The war ended with the Treaty of Ghent, boosting American nationalism even though there were no major territorial changes. It was almost like the US had gotten the "last laugh". Also where Andrew Jackson came out as a war hero.

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Columbus "Discovers" the New World (1492)

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Columbus "Discovers" the New World (1492)

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Christopher Columbus was a was a navigator who explored the Americas under the flag of Spain. He landed in the Caribbeans when searching for a more efficient route to get to Asia (to find and take their resources). He came into contact with the Native people for the first time, and this made it so that the spanish and native people had a brief period of pleasant cultural exchange. But, his trips quickly became violent because him and his members claimed lands for Spain through very mistreating methods like enslavement to obtain gold and get labor done through the native americans. Disease, and the insanely harsh treatment from the europeans had led to massive population decline among indigenous groups, but overall created a way for european colonization to further.

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Hernan Cortes was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that basically resulted in the fall of the aztec empire. Initially, him and his troops were welcomed into Tenochtitlan by the Emperor (Moctezuma) and again instigated that cultural exchange. But again, the spanish proved their greed by using their "superior" weaponry and alliances with rival groups, as well as loss of population due to disease, to their advantage to weaken and defeat the aztecs and their army. This also allowed spain to expand their colonial powers in the Americas.

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The Roanoke Settlement was England's first attempt to establish a colony in North America (Started by Sir. Walter Raleigh). The settlers landed in current NC and at the beginning, needed the Native Americans for their survival and ability to get food. But, issues became prevent after english demands and resource use became a problem for the natives. Supply ships came, and colony somehow randomly left and left "CROATOAN" carved onto a post.

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King Philip’s War was a violent conflict between New England colonists and Native American tribes led by Metacom. It started after tension over land, resources, and the growing dominance of the English. The war was gruesome and had really bad casualties on both sides, because villages burned, captives were taken, and thousands were killed. Metacom was killed, and Native resistance in New England was crushed, which lead to the loss of Native land and power in the region. One of the bloodiest conflicts in colonial American history and further solidified English control.

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Bacon’s Rebellion took place in Virginia when poor farmers mainly (led by Nathaniel Bacon) rose up against Governor William Berkeley. At first, settlers were frustrated over the governor’s refusal to protect them from Native American attacks, and because of favoritism for wealthy landowners. The rebellion turned violent, with Bacon’s forces attacking Native tribes and even burning Jamestown. Although Bacon died and the rebellion collapsed, the event revealed deep tensions between social classes in the colonies. The rebellion pushed elites to shift away from indentured servitude and rely more heavily on enslaved Africans for labor.

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The First Continental Congress met in response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates from twelve colonies (all of them except for Georgia), gathered in Philadelphia to coordinate a united response to the British. They organized a boycott of British goods and wanted more colonial rights. While they didn't ask for complete independence, the meeting was the beginning for future resistance and cooperation among the colonies.

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The Declaration of Independence was made on July 4, 1776, by the Second Continental Congress. It was written by Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Ben Franklin. It declared that the American colonies would be free from British rule and outlined the colonies' grievances against King George III. The document emphasized natural rights like life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It marked the official beginning of the United States as an independent nation.

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Shay’s Rebellion occurred in Massachusetts, led by farmer Daniel Shays. Many farmers, struggling with debt and high taxes, rose against the state government, even attempting to shut down courthouses to stop foreclosures. The rebellion showed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, as the federal government struggled to respond. This unrest convinced many leaders of the need for a stronger central government, leading to the Constitutional Convention.

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The Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelpia because the AOC's were weak. Delegates from twelve states met to create a stronger national government and ended up drafting the U.S. Constitution. Compromises, like the Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise, balanced interests of large and small states. The new Constitution established the framework for the federal government that still exists today.

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During the war of 1812, British troops invaded Washington D.C. after defeating US forces at the Battle of Bladensburg. They set fire to the White house, Capitol building, and left the capital ruined basically. The First Lady Dolley Madison was a historical figure who became famous for apparently saving a portrait of Washington before running out. This event was a strong blow on US morales.

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Washington’s Farewell Address was delivered as he prepared to leave the presidency after two terms. He warned against the dangers of political parties and permanent foreign alliances, and emphasized unity among the states. He also enforced the importance of morality, religion, and national independence. His advice shaped early American politics and influenced U.S. foreign policy for many years.

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The Missouri Compromise was passed to keep a balance of power between free and slave states. Missouri entered the Union as a slave state even as a northern state, while Maine entered as a free state. It also created a line at latitude 36°30′ across the Louisiana Territory, banning slavery north of it (except Missouri). Although it temporarily calmed tensions, it showed how deeply divided the nation was becoming over slavery (kind of leading to the Civil war later on).

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The Market Revolution was a period of insane economic changes driven by invention, transportation, and trade. The cotton gin, steamboat, telegraph, railroads, and trains all expanded this trade, communication, as well as production. Farmers shifted from subsistence farming to produce goods markets, while cities also became very urbanized. This time period made daily life become more productive but also increased class divisions and heightened debate over slavery and labor rights. Manifest Destiny, the belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent, was mainly the reason as to why the people of the us wanted to expand so much.

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The Seneca Falls convention that took place in NY was the very first organized women's rights convention in the US. Feminist leaders like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott voiced the need for equality in education, property rights, and political participation aside from what women get from standing next to their male counterparts. The convention created the "Declaration of Sentiments" which demanded women's suffrage and reflected the format of the Declaration of Independence. This was the staring flame for the Women's rights movements in America as well as the earliest time period where the idea Women's suffrage was brought up (though it wasn' emphasized and worked towards until the 1900's).

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The Homestead Strike occurred at Andrew Carnegie’s steel plant in Pennsylvania, sparked by wage cuts and deteriorating working conditions. Carnegie’s manager, Henry Frick, locked out workers and hired the Pinkerton Guard to break the strike, resulting in a violent confrontation. After several deaths, the state militia intervened to end the strike. The failure of the strike weakened labor unions and highlighted the power imbalance between workers and large corporations.

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The Dred Scott Decision was a Supreme Court case in which an enslaved man, Dred Scott, sued for his freedom after living in free territory. The Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and had no right to sue in federal court. It also declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, saying Congress couldn’t ban slavery in any U.S. territory. The decision enraged Northern abolitionists and pleased Southern slaveholders. This ruling worsened sectional tensions and was a major step toward the Civil War.

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President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation during the Civil War, declaring all enslaved people in Confederate-controlled areas free. Although it didn’t immediately free everyone, it transformed the war into a fight for human freedom. It also allowed African Americans to serve in the Union Army, boosting its strength. The proclamation gained moral support for the Union from Europe, especially Britain and France. It laid the foundation for the Thirteenth Amendment, which permanently abolished slavery.

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The Boxer Rebellion was a violent anti-foreign movement in China (1899–1901) led by a group known as the Boxers, who sought to expel all foreign influence and Christian missionaries. The uprising was eventually put down by an international coalition of troops, further demonstrating China's weakness to imperial powers.

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Appomattox Court House was the site where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant. This surrender effectively ended the Civil War after four long years of fighting. Grant offered generous terms to Lee’s soldiers, allowing them to return home with their personal belongings and horses. The event marked the beginning of national healing and reunification. It symbolized the Union’s victory and the end of the Confederacy.

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Appomattox Court House was the site where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant. This surrender effectively ended the Civil War after four long years of fighting. Grant offered generous terms to Lee’s soldiers, allowing them to return home with their personal belongings and horses. The event marked the beginning of national healing and reunification. It symbolized the Union’s victory and the end of the Confederacy.

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Reconstruction was the period after the Civil War focused on rebuilding the South and ensuring rights for newly freed African Americans. Congress passed the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, which abolished slavery, granted citizenship, and protected voting rights. Despite progress, the South resisted through violence, Black Codes, and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan. The Freedmen’s Bureau helped establish schools and aid for freed people, but long-term change was limited. Reconstruction ended in 1877 with the Compromise that removed federal troops from the South, leading to the rise of segregation and Jim Crow laws.

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The Pullman Strike began when workers at the Pullman Company protested wage cuts without reductions in rent and food costs in company-owned towns. The American Railway Union supported the workers, leading to a national railroad boycott. The federal government intervened, citing interference with mail delivery, and sent troops to break the strike. This strike demonstrated the government’s willingness to support big business over labor and contributed to growing tensions in the labor movement.

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More than 250,000 people gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., to peacefully demonstrate for civil and economic rights for African Americans. It was at this event that Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his powerful "I Have a Dream" speech.

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Exposed the horrific conditions faced by workers in the meatpacking industry. Sinclair intended to highlight labor exploitation, but the book shocked readers with unsanitary food production practices. Public outrage led to federal reforms including the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. The book fueled the Progressive Era’s push for government regulation and consumer protection.

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Centered on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice related to his extramarital affair

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This event occurred on May 7, 1915, when a German U-boat torpedoed and sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, killing over a thousand people, including many Americans. The act of unrestricted submarine warfare angered the U.S. public and was a major factor influencing America's eventual entry into World War I.

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President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, by Lee Harvey Oswald while riding in a motorcade. His death deeply shocked the nation and immediately led Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson to assume the presidency.

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World War I (1914–1918) was the first large-scale industrial global conflict, pitting the Allies against the Central Powers across Europe and beyond. It was marked by new weaponry, trench warfare, and catastrophic casualties, leading to the collapse of old empires and major political instability.

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The Roaring 20s was a decade of dramatic social and political change in the U.S., characterized by rapid economic growth, cultural innovation, and a break from traditional morals. This era saw the rise of jazz music, mass consumerism, and new freedoms for women.

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The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn during the 1930s characterized by extreme unemployment, widespread poverty, and the failure of banks and businesses. It began with the U.S. stock market crash in 1929 and fundamentally altered the role of government in the economy.

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The New Deal was the comprehensive program of economic recovery and social reforms implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. It created lasting institutions like Social Security and dramatically increased the federal government's role in the economy to provide stability and security.

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World War II (1939–1945) was the most destructive global conflict in history, fought between the Axis (Germany, Italy, Japan) and the Allies (U.S., Britain, Soviet Union). It was sparked by the aggressive expansion of totalitarian regimes and concluded with the use of atomic weapons and the creation of the United Nations.

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Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, triggering a wave of riots and national mourning across the country. King's death removed the most unifying and prominent voice for non-violent direct action from the movement. His assassination, however, spurred Congress to pass the companion Civil Rights Act of 1968 just days later.

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Passed in the wake of Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination, this legislation is also known as the Fair Housing Act. It prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, or national origin.

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The 2000 U.S. presidential election, marked by a controversial recount in Florida, legal battles culminating in the Supreme Court's decision to stop the recount, and Bush's ultimate victory despite losing the popular vote.

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The Paris Peace Accords were signed, officially ending U.S. direct military involvement in the Vietnam War. All remaining U.S. troops were withdrawn, marking the end of the U.S. policy of containment in Southeast Asia and an American military and foreign policy failure.

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This political scandal began with the arrest of five men for breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C..

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A global military and political campaign initiated by the United States in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, aimed at combating terrorism and its sponsors around the world.

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Regulations that increased government surveillance and protection of the country after 9/11 attacks.