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A volcanic eruption is the expulsion of gases, rock fragments, and/or molten lava from within the Earth through a vent onto the Earth's surface or into the atmosphere. Illustration of the basic process of magma formation, movement to the surface, and eruption through a volcanic vent.

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Kilauea Volcano Eruption | A Perfect Planet | BBC Earth

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The melted rock, or magma, is lighter than the surrounding rock and rises up. This magma collects in magma chambers, but it is still miles below the surface. When enough magma builds up in the magma chamber, it forces its way up to the surface and erupts, often causing volcanic eruptions.

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Fagradalsfjall Volcano Eruption in Iceland

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There are three main types of volcanic eruption:

Magmatic eruptions are the most well-observed type of eruption. They involve the decompression of gas within magma that propels it forward.

Phreatic eruptions are driven by the superheatingof steam due to the close proximity of magma. This type exhibits no magmatic release, instead causing the granulation of existing rock.

Phreatomagmatic eruptions are driven by the direct interaction of magma and water, as opposed to phreatic eruptions, where no fresh magma reaches the surface.

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Volcanoes are Earth's geologic architects. They've created more than 80 percent of our planet's surface, laying the foundation that has allowed life to thrive. Their explosive force crafts mountains as well as craters. Lava rivers spread into bleak landscapes. But as time ticks by, the elements break down these volcanic rocks, liberating nutrients from their stony prisons and creating remarkably fertilesoils that have allowed civilizations to flourish.

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What damage do volcanoes cause?

Several hazards may affect the area around the volcano, such as lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars, jökulhlaups and landslides or debris avalanches. Volcanic activity also produces hazards that can affect areas far from the volcano, such as tephra or ash falls, releases of gas and tsunamis.

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ICELANDIC VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 4: ENDLESS LAVA FALLS