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Gladiator Script - Imagine you are a gladiator. Write a script of the conversation between you and another gladiator as you walk up the tunnel, until the moment the dust clears and your eyes take in the fight scene in the arena.

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Create a Google MyMap and pin the locations of 10 different ancient Roman ruins in at least 5 different countries. Include an image or link. Describe how these ruins have contributed to our understanding of ancient Roman culture and history.

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6 modern countries that were in the Ancient Roman Empire; Greece, Italy, Palestine, Spain, Syria, and Portugal.

Ruins and what country they belong to;

Temple of Olympian Zeus - Greece

Roman Forum - Italy

Caesarea - Palestine

Roman Bridge of Córdoba - Spain

Ruins of Palmyra - Syria

Roman Ruins of Milreu - Portugal

Roman Temple of Évora - Portugal

Ancient Corinth - Greece

Tower of Hercules - Spain

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https://www.mybib.com/b/pabVLQ

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‘Geography Features’ in Harvard (Australia) style, on MyBib

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Create a venn diagram that compares the similarities and differences between the ancient Roman Senate and the Australian Senate.

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similarities, differences, and things common between the Roman Senate and the Australian Senate.

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https://www.mybib.com/b/GLwzAg

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‘Key Groups in Society, Law, and Government’ in Harvard (Australia) style, on MyBib

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How did Roman religion change as the empire expanded? Consider the role of Nero and Constantine.

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Neptune, the Roman equivalent of the Greek God Poseidon

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What was the religion of early ancient Rome?

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What was the religion of early ancient Rome?

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The Ancient Romans believed in multiple Gods and Goddesses, the main being Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Even with the religions that supported one god, such as Judiasim and Christianity (which was the minority in the Empire), they chose to believe in many Gods because they believed the Gods were the reason for forming their civilization.

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By AD 117, the Roman Empire had reached its final size, conquering almost three continents, which were Asia Minor, northern Africa, and most of Europe. Rome expanded through several wars. During the Republican Period, Rome gained control of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula by 338 BC. The Punic Wars which happened around 264-146 BC, as well as some other conflicts with Greece led Rome to conquer Carthage and Corinth.

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How did expansion impact or change the religious beliefs of ancient Romans?                                              

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How did expansion impact or change the religious beliefs of ancient Romans?                                              

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The expansion of Ancient Rome impacted their previous religious beliefs in the way that migrants brought different thoughts and Gods, which became very popular with the Italians, and eventually, Christianity was the most successful of all these beliefs. The Greek culture and Gods significantly altered the Ancient Roman beliefs as the Ancient Romans had frequent communication with them because of the geographical positioning, as well as the Greeks having triumphed over the Italian peninsula and Sicily.

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What role did Nero play in the expansion and change to religious beliefs of ancient Rome?

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What role did Nero play in the expansion and change to religious beliefs of ancient Rome?

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While Nero was emperor, a fire burnt Rome down, and the eagerness with which he rebuilt the empire led civilians to believe that he was the reason it burnt down. However, he blamed the fire on the Christians, and he then arrested and tortured all the Christians in Rome, before crucifying, throwing to wild animals, or letting them be burnt alive.

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What role did Constantine play in the expansion and change to religious beliefs of ancient Rome?

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What role did Constantine play in the expansion and change to religious beliefs of ancient Rome?

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Constantine is known for trying to Christianize the Roman Empire in the 4th century CE. He made the persecution of Christians illegal and participated in making more copies of the bible, making councils to get rid of any other set of beliefs the people had and building new churches.

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https://www.mybib.com/b/q9w55g

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Beliefs, values and practices (warfare and death/funerary customs)

MyBib

Lee, TB 2018, The Roman Empire, explained in 40 maps, Vox, Vox, viewed 19 September 2024, <https://www.vox.com/world/2018/6/19/17469176/roman-empire-maps-history-explained>.

Matthews, JF & MacGillivray Nicol, D 2019, Constantine I | Biography, Accomplishments, Death, & Facts, Encyclopedia Britannica, viewed 18 September 2024, <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Constantine-I-Roman-emperor>.

Milwaukee Public Museum 2022, The Roman Empire: a Brief History | Milwaukee Public Museum, www.mpm.edu, viewed 19 September 2024, <https://www.mpm.edu/research-collections/anthropology/anthropology-collections-research/mediterranean-oil-lamps/roman-empire-brief-history#:~:text=Imperial%20Rome%20(31%20BC%20%E2%80%93%20AD%20476)>.

National Geographic Society 2022, The Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Rome, education.nationalgeographic.org, viewed 18 September 2024, <https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/gods-and-goddesses-ancient-rome/#>.

PBS 2003, The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Early Christians | PBS, Pbs.org, viewed 19 September 2024, <https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/christians.html>.

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica 2015, List of Roman emperors, Encyclopædia Britannica, viewed 18 September 2024, <https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-Roman-emperors-2043294>.

― 2018, Nero | Biography & Accomplishments, Encyclopædia Britannica, viewed 18 September 2024, <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nero-Roman-emperor>.

The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Relgion | PBS n.d., www.pbs.org, viewed 18 September 2024, <https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/religion.html#:~:text=Roman%20religion%20was%20divided%20into>.

Wikipedia 2022, Religion in ancient Rome, Wikipedia, viewed 19 September 2024, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome#:~:text=As%20the%20Roman%20Empire%20expanded>.

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'Beliefs, values and practices (warfare and death/funerary customs)' in Harvard (Australia) style, on MyBib

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arrow_back Home Beliefs, values and practices (warfare and death/funerary customs) MyBib Lee, TB 2018, The Roman Empire, explained in 40 maps, Vox, Vox, viewed 19 September 2024, . Matthews, JF & MacGillivray Nicol, D 2019, Constantine I | Biography, Accomplishments, Death, & Facts, Encyclopedia Britannica, viewed 18 September 2024, .

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The dust was stuck in my throat. The smell of my sweat and fear ricocheted off the dark walls of the tunnel. The other man and I walked silently. I couldn’t talk to him. I didn’t dare. He was a skilled gladiator, one who had won many battles. He was above me in many ways. He walked with strong, steady steps, his chiselled face and set blue eyes staring blankly ahead. I was nothing compared to him, my wobbly steps attempting to keep up with him, pathetic. My armour jiggled uncertainty, my helmet almost sliding off. I glanced at my rival. His suit was silver and shining, his helmet looking as though it was hand-crafted for him. His Gladius swung beside him, glinting, even in the darkness. Almost like it was talking to me. Almost like it was saying ‘You have no chance’. My hands started to shake and sweat. I hastily took in more breaths, trying to keep my nerve. I could see a small sliver of light. The chanting of the audience grew clearer and louder, and the tunnel wall felt like it was closing in on me, suffocating me. Once again, I peeked at my contender nervously. He seemed so peaceful, so at ease. He looked suddenly at me. I gulped and quickly turned my head. He chuckled.

‘Don’t worry’, he said. I turned back to face him slowly.

‘Try your best. And if that doesn’t work, the Gods will come and take you. You will be… in a better place’, he said wistfully. I listened to his words, and I knew I would remember them for as long as I live. The sunlight grew brighter and brighter. The darkness disappeared in a split second as the dust cleared before my eyes. The audience’s cheering was deafening. I turned to face him. We locked eyes, and he said

‘Avē Imperātor, moritūrī tē salūtant’ ("Hail, Emperor, those who are about to die salute you").

‘Avē Imperātor, moritūrī tē salūtant’, I repeated back. My armour seemed to fit my body now. My shaking stopped. He walked to the other side of the arena. The people were silent, waiting, savouring each moment of this battle.

We looked at each other, no longer as enemies, but as equals. He gave a subtle nod with his head. His words echoed around my mind.

“Try your best”.

This is it. The Gods will decide now. I pulled my Gladius out of its sheath. And we ran toward each other.

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“What have Romans ever done for us?” - Explain 3 significant achievements of technology that we owe to the ancient Romans. This may include: Concrete, Aqueducts, Roads, Sanitation and Plumbing, and the Julian Calendar

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What was created? Who created it? Why did the Romans create it? How did they create it? How does this creation still impact our lives today?

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What was created? Who created it? Why did the Romans create it? How did they create it? How does this creation still impact our lives today?

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The Romans were not the first to invent concrete, but they were the first to use it largely through their empire. The first to create concrete were the Nabataea traders, found in regions of Syria and Jordan. The Romans used concrete because it helped to keep buildings together, such as temples, aqueducts and bridges. Concrete could also harden underwater, which made it essential for the Romans in order to build bridges and harbours. The Romans used a mixture of volcanic ash, lime, and seawater to create the concrete. They put the mixture into wooden forms and after it had hardened, stacked the blocks to form the structures.

Concrete buildings are important today because they provide fresh and untouched indoor air, which is because concrete does not need finishes such as carpets or paints, as well as it being virtually fireproof. Half of the buildings on the earth are made of concrete because it is sturdy and reliable, as well as allowing fresh air in the structure.

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Julius Caesar invented the Julian calendar in 45 BC. This calendar included 365 days for 3 years, and then was followed by a year of 366 days. When first used, the Julian calendar also moved the beginning of the year from March 1st (which was previously thought) to January 1st. The reason for which the calendar was made was because there were far too few months and days, which led to confusion throughout the Empire. During spring, the crops were supposed to flourish, however, nothing happened. They bloomed about two seasons later, which made the Romans extremely confused, leading Caesar to invent a new calendar which kept in line with the rotation of the earth on its axis, as well as the orbit of the sun. This calendar also helped the Ancient Romans determine the start and end of each of the seasons.

Without the adaption of the Julian Calendar, it is unlikely that there would have been any progress with the dates and confusion of the Roman Empire. Although the Julian calendar is not usually used today, it was the foundation for which the calendar we use today was built on. Therefore, without the Julian calendar, we would still be just as confused as the Ancient Romans.

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The first Roman Aqueducts was created in 312 BCE by Appius Claudius Caecus, and it was called the ‘Aqua Appia’. The reason the Romans built aqueducts was because they had to bring water from outside sources into towns and cities. The aqueducts supplied public baths, fountains, and households, as well as assisting with gardens, mining operations, and farming. The aqueducts were built of mostly concrete, as well as some strong stone.

Some of the aqueducts in Rome still supply water for it, such as the ‘Aqua Virgo’, which was built in 19 BCE. It powers the Trevi Fountain, which is located at the heart of Rome. The engineering of the aqueducts also made a significant impact on today's plumbing and water systems.

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Research a famous ancient Roman individual and make a Facebook or Social media profile that includes their achievements, family details, pictures, likes and dislikes.

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https://www.mybib.com/b/L9peOD

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MyBib

Anon n.d., Fire resistance, www.concretecentre.com, viewed 21 September 2024, <https://www.concretecentre.com/Performance-Sustainability/Fire-Resistance.aspx#:~:text=Concrete%20as%20a%20material>.

Appius Claudius Caecus | Roman statesman | Britannica 2019, Encyclopædia Britannica, viewed 20 September 2024, <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Appius-Claudius-Caecus>.

Chandler, D 2023, Riddle solved: Why was Roman concrete so durable?, MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology, viewed 21 September 2024, <https://news.mit.edu/2023/roman-concrete-durability-lime-casts-0106>.

Deming, D 2019, 'The Aqueducts and Water Supply of Ancient Rome', Groundwater, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 152-161, viewed 22 September 2024, <https://ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gwat.12958>.

Dunham, W 2023, 'Scientists chip away at how ancient Roman concrete stood test of time', Reuters, 9 January, viewed 21 September 2024, <https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/scientists-chip-away-how-ancient-roman-concrete-stood-test-time-2023-01-09/#:~:text=It%20helped%20the%20Romans%20erect>.

Engineering Technology, A n.d., Roman Concrete, Ancient Engineering Technologies, viewed 21 September 2024, <https://ancientengrtech.wisc.edu/roman-concrete/#:~:text=Although%20the%20Ancient%20Roman%20Civilization>.

Genealogy, H & n.d., LibGuides Home: Colonial Records & Topics: 1752 Calendar Change, libguides.ctstatelibrary.org, viewed 20 September 2024, <https://libguides.ctstatelibrary.org/hg/colonialresearch/calendar#:~:text=The%20Julian%20Calendar>.

Lewis, O 2022, Concrete Built Half Our World, But May Be Harming It. Thomas Petersen Wants to Change That. - USC Viterbi | School of Engineering, USC Viterbi | School of Engineering, viewed 21 September 2024, <https://viterbischool.usc.edu/news/2022/11/concrete-built-half-our-world-but-may-be-harming-it-thomas-petersen-wants-to-change-that/#:~:text=Half%20of%20all%20buildings%20in%20the%20world%20are%20made%20from%20concrete.>.

National Geographic 2022, Roman Aqueducts, education.nationalgeographic.org, National Geographic, viewed 22 September 2024, <https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/roman-aqueducts/>.

Paine, C 2017, The History of Concrete, Giatec Scientific Inc, viewed 21 September 2024, <https://www.giatecscientific.com/education/the-history-of-concrete/#:~:text=600%20BC%20%E2%80%93%20Rome%3A%20Although%20the>.

Ray, M 2019, Julian calendar | History & Difference from Gregorian Calendar, Encyclopædia Britannica, viewed 22 September 2024, <https://www.britannica.com/science/Julian-calendar>.

Sustainability 2014, Ccaa.com.au, viewed 21 September 2024, <https://www.ccaa.com.au/CCAA/CCAA/Public_Content/RESOURCES/Sustainability.aspx#:~:text=Concrete%20buildings%20provide%20improved%20indoor>.

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica 2018, Aqueduct | engineering, Encyclopædia Britannica, viewed 20 September 2024, <https://www.britannica.com/technology/aqueduct-engineering>.

Twinkl 2024, Roman Technology, Twinkl.com.au, viewed 20 September 2024, <https://www.twinkl.com.au/teaching-wiki/roman-technology-like#:~:text=The%20aqueduct%20is%20arguably%20the>.

Vitale, C 2023, 'Technology in the Ancient World: The History and Lasting Impacts of Roman Aqueducts', Student Research Symposium, viewed 22 September 2024, <https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/student-research-symposium/2023/poster04/44/#:~:text=Without%20the%20aqueducts%20of%20the>.

Why Julius Caesar's Year of Confusion was the longest year in history n.d., www.bbc.com, viewed 20 September 2024, <https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240227-how-julius-caesar-made-the-longest-year-in-history-and-brought-us-leap-years>.

Wikipedia 2020, Roman aqueduct, Wikipedia, viewed 21 September 2024, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueduct#:~:text=The%20Romans%20constructed%20aqueducts%20throughout>.

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‘Legacy’ in Harvard (Australia) style, on MyBib

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https://www.canva.com/design/DAGRGdU0cjw/zf5MnIgPjbKMmSaF0T37uw/edit?utm_content=DAGRGdU0cjw&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton

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https://www.mybib.com/b/q9NK6X

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‘Significant Individual’ in Harvard (Australia) style, on MyBib

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https://www.mybib.com/b/2ZK103

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‘Contacts and Conflicts’ in Harvard (Australia) style, on MyBib