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Positive Transfer: It occurs when similar items appear in the mother tongue that also appear in the second language, creating confusion.

Negative Transfer: It happens when there is no concordance between the mother tongue and the second language, which does not allow an effective transition when learning the language.

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In contrastive analysis, there is a term interference/transference to refer to the difficulties that may arise when learning a second language.

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Known before as Comparative Linguistic, Contrastive Study, Contrastive Analysis and Differential Linguistics; different term for the same context.

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After WWII linguists were concerned with the study trying to predict the learning difficulties between their native language with a foreign language being learned.

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It's a subdiscipline that compares two or more languages to determine from both the differences and similarities that they can have (Fisiak, 1981), and apply them to the teaching and learning languages areas.

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Learn Phonetics - International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

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The "p" sound in the words "pin" and "spin". (In "pin," the "p" sound is aspirated, pronounced with a small puff of air: [pʰ]. Instead in "spin," the "p" sound is unaspirated, without the puff of air: [p])

The "t" sound in words like "stop" and "top". ( In "stop," the "t" sound is aspirated: [tʰ], while in "top," it is unaspirated: [t])

The "th" sound, as in "thin" and "then" (In English, the "th" sound can be pronounced as either a voiceless dental fricative [θ] or a voiced dental fricative [ð])

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The difference between the pronunciation of "Z" and "S" in English. Our vocal cords vibrate when we say "Z" but not when we say "S".

Two phonetic sounds is the two “th” sounds in English: there is the voiceless fricative /θ/ and the voiced fricative /ð/. One is used to transcribe words like think [θɪŋk] and path [pæθ], and the other is used for words like them [ðɛm] and brother [ˈbrʌðər].

The letter "p" which is produced by closing the lips, while the letter "m" is produced by closing the lips and vibrating the vocal cords.

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* short vowel /a/ a,au: cat, laugh
long vowel /ā/ a, a_e, ay, ai, ey, ei: lazy, cake, pay, paid, whey, weigh
* consonant /j/ j, g, ge, dge: j, gel, cage, edge
* /wh/ (with breath) wh: when, what, where

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Vowels:
/i:/= <tree> /triː/
/e/= <bed> /bed/
/u/= <shoot> /ʃuːt/
Consonants:
/b/= <b ag> /bæɡ/, <b et> /bet/, <b un> /bʌn/
/h/=  <h en> /hen/, <h as> /həz/, <h im> /hɪm/
/r/= <r ope> /roʊp/, <r at>  /ræt/, <r ug> /rʌɡ/

Note: when referring to phonemes use them between slant lines, and do not use diacritics.

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The phoneme /ɛ/ is different from the phoneme /i:/, so if we use the word set [sɛt] instead of seat [si:t], the meaning of the word will change.

The word potato: - In British English it is pronounced po-tayh-to [pəˈteɪtəʊ].- In American English it is pronounced po-tay-to [pəˈteɪˌtoʊ].

The word banana:- In British English it is pronounced be-na-na [bəˈnɑːnə].- In American English it is pronounced be-nah-na [bəˈnænə].

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The term "allophone" refers to a variant pronunciation of a phoneme, which is a basic unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another in a language, without changing the meaning of a word.

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It is responsible for the study of the sounds of human language. Its objective is to analyze and describe the sounds that occur in human speech, as well as their production, transmission and perception.
There are threee areas of Phonetics:

Articulatory Phonetics

Acoustic Phonetics

Auditory Phonetics

For better understanding

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Studies: the unit of sound that distinguish one word from another.
They are used between slant lines and don't use diacritics
Two categories: - vowels
- consonants

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Contrastive phonemics is an abstract study that deals with how human speech is perceived once it is heard.
Phonemic awareness is the capacity to concentrate on and alter particular sounds (phonemes) in audible words.

The unit of Phonemics is phonemes, therefore, the tiniest components of spoken language are called phonemes. Phonemes join together to produce syllables and words, they are divided into two categories: vowels and consonants

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Studies: Sound of systems
Patterns and Rules of Language.
Subfield of Linguistics: Understand how languages use sounds to create words.
Starts with the observation of: Sound Systems: Vowel and Consonant inventory.
Contrastive Phonology: Analyses the similarities and differences in the sounds of two languages.