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Who? The AFL was founded by Samuel Gompers, a believer in "pure and simple" unionism.

What? The AFL only admitted skilled workers to its union. The goals of the AFL were to improve the wages, hours, and working conditions of all members. Other things that it fought for were the introduction of an 8-hour workday and the abolition of child labor.

Where? The AFL had its headquarters in Washington, D.C. The union had branches in all 50 states, as well as in Canada and Puerto Rico.

When? The AFL was founded in 1886, and became the largest labor union in the United States until the 1930s. The AFL then merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1955, forming the AFL-CIO.

Why? The AFL was formed in response to the declining membership of the Knights of Labor. However, the AFL was different - only accepting skilled members into its program, as opposed to the Knights of Labor, who accepted anyone.

How? The AFL was formed through a combination of factors, but its leader, Samuel Gompers was the leading factor because of his focus on "pure and simple" unionism.

What was the impact on society? The AFL helped improve the wages, hours, and working conditions of millions of American workers during the Industrial Revolution. The union was also instrumental in government, paving the way for the passage of laws such as the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.

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Who? The Knights of Labor was founded by Uriah S. Stephens, a believer in the brotherhood of labor. He believed that all workers should be united in a single union.

What? When it was founded, it was kept secrecy (opened to the public in 1878). The union's goals were to improve the working conditions for everyone, promote cooperation among trades, and establish a society in which workers would own the means of production.

Where? This union was strongest in the United States, but also had members in Canada, Great Britain, and even Australia. The Union's headquarters were based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

When? The Union reached its peak during the late 19th century (~1880s) with over 700,000 members, making it the largest labor union in the Nation. However, after this, the union's membership began to decline.

Why? The union was formed on a few basic principles, with the main one to be to improve working conditions for everyone. Their goals expanded to include more things, such as promoting cooperation between trades before their eventual decline.

How? A few factors led to the creation of this union, notably the rise of industrialization, growth of the working class, and the poor working conditions that employers forced workers to endure.

What was the impact on society? This labor union made a huge impact in society, helping to improve conditions for many working in factories. This union was also a stepping stone for the foundation of the American Federation of Labor - inspiring many labor unions to follow.

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Who? Developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, an American engineer. He believed in the scientific method, and believed that management could be improved by applying scientific principles to the workplace in America.

What? There were a few principles that Scientific Management was based off of, notably:
-> Development of a true science - Taylor believed that the best way to improve productivity was to study the work process and identify the most efficient way to do it.
-> Selection and training of workers - Taylor believed that workers should be selected/trained for specific jobs based on their abilities.
-> Division of labor - Taylor believed that large tasks should be divided into smaller, specialized tasks which could be performed more efficiently.
-> The use of time and motion studies - Taylor believed that these could be used to identify the most efficient methods of performing tasks.
-> Usage of incentives - Taylor believed that workers should be rewarded for being productive.

Where? First developed in the United States, but spread elsewhere quickly.

When? Emerged in the late 19th century, reaching peak popularity during the 20th century - but still being relevant today.

Why? There were a few reasons why Scientific Management was popular. Notably, the rise of mass-production directly led to the need for more workers (and more efficient workers), so a better solution needed to be developed - and this was it.

How? A few factors made Scientific Management happen - the rise of mass-production (sparked interest in the concept), growth of the scientific method (provided a base to build on), and the work of Frederick Winslow Taylor.

What was the impact on society? Led to increased productivity/efficiency in the workplace/factory, but also led to problems with worker retention and some losing motivation/skills.

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Who? A few things are responsible for The Panic of 1873, notably the collapse of the railroad industry, the German Empire's decision to stop minting silver coins (1871), and the Coinage Act of 1873.

What? The Panic of 1873 led to a drop in stock prices, the failure/distrust in many banks, and a general economic recession.

Where? Most of the impact of the Panic of 1873 was focused in the United States - but Europe saw some effects as well.

When? The failure of Jay Cooke and Company, a major investment bank, on September 18, 1873 began this event.

Why? The United States economy had become unstable due to a few factors leading up to the panic, notably the collapse of the railroad industry.

How? Similar to the Why section, there were many factors that caused this panic - some coming from inside the United States (failure of the railroad industry & the Coinage Act of 1873), while others came from Europe (German Empire ceasing minting of silver coins in 1871).

What was the impact on society? There were many long-standing effects of The Panic of 1873, including widespread unemployment and poverty. However, this panic also lead to the creation of the Federal Reserve System, which is still in use today.

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Who? The New Consumer Culture was driven by a new class of consumers; the middle class. The middle class, mostly made up of people who had easy access to disposable income, was eager to purchase new goods/services - creating a demand for mass-produced products.

What? The focus was put on new and improved goods - which forced businesses to come out with new products in order to keep consumers purchasing "the latest and greatest". This, however, lead to the disposable society culture we are now seeing today - and is a big reason why planned obsolescence exists.

Where? Since middle class people mostly lived in urban areas - this is where The New Consumer Culture was concentrated, until middle class people began moving into more rural areas.

When? The middle class emerged in the early 19th century and has continued to evolve since then - still being present in modern times.

Why? There were a number of reasons which caused The New Consumer Culture to become so prevalent. A key-player in this was the rise of mass-production, which made goods both more affordable and more accessible, along with the steady growth of the middle class.

How? Many factors, including the introduction of mass-production, the growing middle class, and advances in marketing techniques.

What was the impact on society? The New Consumer Culture had a massive effect on society, one which is still present today. It lead to a new emphasis on consumption, as people were encouraged to purchase more and more goods. However, this also lead to people having increased debt, environmental problems, and the rise of planned obsolescence - a problem still seen today (especially in electronic devices, like smartphones).

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Who? The working class consisted of all people, including men, women, and even children. These people were often poor (and usually uneducated) - with most coming from rural areas to work in developed cities.

What? During the industrial revolution, most people worked in either textiles, mining, or manufacturing. Most people worked long hours (12-16 hr/day) and were subjected to dangerous/unhealthy conditions for most (if not all) of that time.

Where? Workers were stationed in urban areas, where factories were located.

When? The working class emerged during the Industrial Revolution, starting in Great Britain around the end of the 18th century, and continuing all the way through the beginning of the 20th century.

Why? During the Industrial Revolution, factories began popping up everywhere, and those factories needed workers to run. The explosion of factories everywhere attracted many seeking work - including children.

How? There were a few factors which influenced the growth of the working class, including the growth of factories, the migration of people from rural to urban areas, and the rise of capitalism.

What was the impact on society? The working class had a significant impact on the economy, helping it succeed - but this didn't come without compromises. These workers often suffered low wages, long hours, and dangerous working conditions. These workers played a role in social/political changes of the time, because they established unions which protested for better working conditions.