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Writing can be defined as the process of expressing thoughts, ideas, and information through the creation of written text using various tools, such as pen, crayon, pencil, paper or digital devices. Initially, children imitate the writing they observe in their surroundings, gradually realizing the significance of print. It is considered one of the most complex skills for students to learn.

https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/writing

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Comprehension is the ability of proficient readers to actively engage with a text, utilizing their background knowledge, vocabulary, language structure, and reading strategies to understand and extract meaning from the material. Effective comprehension allows readers to construct a mental representation or model of the text, facilitating a deeper understanding of the content.

https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/comprehension

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Fluency refers to the ability to read a text accurately, quickly, and with expression. Fluent readers develop automaticity in the word recognition, allowing them to read effortlessly and focus their attention on understanding the meaning of the text. They demonstrate a natural flow of reading, as if they are speaking, and can make connections between ideas within the text. In contrast, readers who lack fluency may read slowly and struggle to decode words.

https://www.readingrockets.org/article/fluency-instructional-guidelines-and-student-activities

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Phonics refers to a method of instruction that focuses on teaching children the relationship between letters and sounds in spoken language. The main objective of phonics instruction is to help children grasp the alphabetic principle, which states that letters represent specific sounds. Through phonics, children learn that there is a systematic and logical connection between written letters and the sounds they make.

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Phonological awareness is a vital skill in early literacy that enables children to recognize and manipulate the sounds of spoken language. Phonological awareness carries various abilities, such as identifying rhyming words, counting syllables, segmenting sentences, and identifying syllables within words. It is important to differentiate between phonological and phonemic awareness and phonics, as they are distinct yet interconnected skills.
Phonological awareness is the broader term that includes the overall understanding of the sound structure of spoken language, while phonemic awareness focuses specifically on individual phonemes. Phonics is the instructional approach that teaches the connection between sounds and written symbols.

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It's essential to provide direct and explicit instructions on phonological awareness skills, ensuring that students understand the specific concepts and tasks involved. It can be beneficial to break down each skill into manageable steps and clearly explain how to recognize, manipulate, and work with sounds in spoken language.
Phoneme awareness activities, which should take around 15-20 minutes, need to align with the classroom context and can be based on recently read and discussed stories, picture books, the immediate environment, thematic units, or field trip discussions.
By incorporating explicit and multisensory instruction, educators can create inclusive and effective learning environments that support the development of phonological awareness for all learners.

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3.  Emergent literacy –  Phonological awareness

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According to Lindfors (1987), oral language can be described as a system that establishes connections between sounds and meanings. Oral language, which involves both speaking and listening, plays a crucial role in developing effective communication skills. Learning how spoken words sound and understanding the meanings of words and sentences are essential components of oral language development.

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Supporting oral languages for all learners using explicit and multisensory instruction can have several applications:
1. Engaging in conversational interactions. Encouraging the child to identify and describe objects to enhance vocabulary and language skills.
2. Supporting interactive reading. Making reading a positive and interactive experience by discussing the pictures, paraphrasing the story, allowing the child to create their own version of the story ending as an example.
3. Promoting phonological awareness. Engaging children in activities like playing games that involve finding rhyming words or segmenting words into syllables.
4. Providing positive early reading experiences. That includes talking to a child from an early age, discussing books, pictures, asking question.

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To support comprehension for all learners, it is crucial to recognize the three key themes highlighted in research by NRP on reading comprehension. Firstly, vocabulary development and instruction play a vital role in understanding written material, emphasizing the need for focused attention on vocabulary. Secondly, comprehension is an active process that requires deliberate and thoughtful engagement between the reader and the text, encouraging readers to actively interact with what they read. Lastly, teacher preparation plays a significant role in equipping students with effective reading comprehension strategies and directly impacts their achievement in this area.

https://www.readingrockets.org/article/what-works-comprehension-instruction

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Supporting writing for all learners involves providing a variety of opportunities and resources to foster their writing skills. This can be accomplished by offering authentic writing tasks that allow students to engage with different genres, audiences, and purposes. It is important to provide explicit instruction on writing strategies, grammar, and structure, while also encouraging creativity and self-expression. Offering constructive feedback and opportunities for revision helps students improve their writing and build confidence. Additionally, integrating technology tools and resources can enhance the writing process.

https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading101-course/modules/writing/writing-practice

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https://www.readingrockets.org/article/phonics-instruction

As outlined by Reading Rockets, various approaches can be implemented to support phonics for all students.
One approach is synthetic phonics, where students learn to connect individual letters or letter combinations with their corresponding sounds and blend them to form words.
Analogy phonics involves teaching unfamiliar words by relating them to known words with similar letter patterns.
Analytic phonics focuses on analyzing letter-sound relationships in familiar words to avoid pronouncing sounds in isolation.
Embedded phonics integrates phonics instruction within text reading, allowing for learning through context.

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What Is Phonics?

Ms. Michaels is excited because after teaching fifth grade for more than a decade, she is moving to a first grade classroom. She has been wanting to work with younger children for a while, but she realizes that she is going to have to brush up on some of her knowledge about literacy instruction. One thing Ms. Michaels knows is that phonics, or the way letters and sounds work to make words in reading and writing, might play a bigger role in her instruction now.

She worked on phonics with her fifth graders, but her younger students are more likely to need phonics instruction as they are new to the world of decoding, or the aspect of reading that involves figuring out what words are on a page. They will also be new to encoding, or spelling out their words in their independent writing.

Ms. Michaels knows that phonics alone is not enough for the teaching of reading and writing, since they must be balanced with comprehension strategies and teaching that encourages the enjoyment of literacy in its many dimensions. Still, many students can never be effective readers and writers without first receiving a solid background in phonics, so Ms. Michaels is determined to refresh her memory in terms of just what phonics is.

Phonics as a Teaching Method

First, Ms. Michaels thinks through what it means to consider phonics as a teaching method. She knows that to be an effective teacher of phonics, she will need to devote a portion of her literacy block each day to the teaching of phonics. During this time, she will focus on letter identification and letter-sound coordination, or teaching students which letter makes what sound in writing. This also involves the teaching of idiosyncratic spelling patterns and phonetic rules. She will explicitly teach her students, for instance, what a silent 'e' at the end of a word does to the vowel sound in the middle of the word. She will instruct them on how to sound out blends and digraphs involving multiple consonants.

Phonics instruction is never meant to replace read-aloud and comprehension strategy instruction, but as a teaching method, phonics makes the fundamental assumption that many children become better readers when they are taught such rules explicitly, rather than assumed to absorb them gradually over time.

Phonics & Phonological Awareness

Ms. Michaels also remembers from her student teaching days that there is an important relationship between phonics and phonological awareness, or the developmental understanding of how sounds fit together within syllables and words. As a teacher, it is her job to help students hear and articulate different and related sounds.

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teaching phonics in the classroom - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Teaching Phonics in the Classroom - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Ms. Michaels is excited because after teaching fifth grade for more than a decade, she is moving to a first grade classroom. She has been wanting to work with younger children for a while, but she realizes that she is going to have to brush up on some of her knowledge about literacy instruction.

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In this video, Marisa Russo is leading a fluency activity in which students focus on accuracy and phrasing.
To support fluency for all learners, educators need to provide opportunities for independent, partner, and choral reading. It is essential to introduce new words and practice them before independent reading. Having students engage in repeated reading and involving adults in reading aloud can also enhance fluency skills. These strategies contribute to supporting fluency for all learners and enhancing their reading skills.

https://www.readingrockets.org/article/fluency-instructional-guidelines-and-student-activities

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How to Teach Fluency  with Accuracy and Phrasing

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Vocabulary refers to the collection of words, including their meanings and usage, that an individual possesses in a particular language. A strong vocabulary is essential for communication and comprehension, as it enables students to express themselves accurately, understand the meaning of texts, and engage in meaningful interactions with others.

https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading-basics/vocabulary

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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Phonological awareness instruction serves all learners by providing equal opportunities for reading and language development. It supports English language learners in understanding English sounds and enhancing language proficiency, while also addressing the needs of students with exceptionalities through targeted instruction. By embracing cultural responsiveness, phonological awareness activities promote diverse identities and foster an inclusive learning environment. Teachers can ensure that phonological awareness instruction promotes equity and justice by providing ELLs with equal opportunities for reading and language development, regardless of their language background.

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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In the context of equity and justice, oral language plays a crucial role in serving all learners. Oral language provides means of communication that ensures all learners can access and understand instructional content. By emphasizing oral language development, educators can create inclusive learning environments where diverse learners can actively participate classroom discussions. For ELLs, oral language development is essential for their overall language proficiency. Oral language activities, such as class discussions, provide opportunities for all learners to express their ideas. By recognizing the importance of oral language and including it into instructional strategies, educators can achieve equity and justice for all students.

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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In my disciplinary context of ESE (Exceptional Student Education) and ESOL, the role of phonics in serving all learners is essential for promoting equity and justice. Phonics instruction provides learners with foundational reading skills, particularly for students with diverse needs and language backgrounds. By explicitly teaching the relationship between letters and sounds, phonics instruction empowers learners to decode words accurately, comprehend text more effectively, and ultimately become independent readers.

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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Comprehension empowers learners to navigate complex texts, think independently, and express their ideas effectively, regardless of their linguistic or cultural backgrounds. It promotes inclusivity, fosters a sense of belonging, and enables all students to fully participate in the learning process, ensuring equity and justice for every learner.

https://www.colorincolorado.org/article/reading-comprehension-strategies-english-language-learners

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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Fluency plays a crucial role in promoting equity and justice in educational contexts. When all learners develop fluency, regardless of their backgrounds or abilities, they gain equal access to the benefits of reading. Fluency allows students to read smoothly and effortlessly, leading to better comprehension and engagement with texts. Moreover, fostering fluency among diverse learners promotes inclusivity, linguistic diversity, and recognizes the importance of providing equitable educational experiences for all students.

https://www.colorincolorado.org/article/ells-and-reading-fluency-english

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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In the context of equity and justice, writing plays a crucial role in serving all learners, ESL students. It is essential to provide ESL learners with opportunities to develop their writing skills alongside speaking and reading English. Research on ESL children's writing development has shown that despite their ongoing acquisition of English, they are capable of creating meaningful written texts and responding to the works of others. The texts produced by ESL writers demonstrate their evolving understanding of the written language and reflect the influence of their cultural backgrounds.

https://www.readingrockets.org/article/childrens-writing-esl

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The video demonstrates teacher Neil Hicken using Marzano’s Six Step Process to teach tier two vocabulary for middle school students.
Marzano's Six Step Process is a comprehensive approach to teaching vocabulary that aims to enhance students' understanding of new words. The process involves introducing the word, having students restate it in their own words, creating a visual representation, engaging in activities to deepen understanding, discussing the word with peers, and assessing comprehension. This process helps students acquire and retain new vocabulary effectively.

https://knilt.arcc.albany.edu/UNIT_3:_How_can_academic_vocabulary_instruction_be_implemented_across_the_curriculum%3F

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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Importance to Equity & Justice for All Students

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In the context of equity and justice, vocabulary plays a crucial role in serving all learners. A strong vocabulary is essential for effective communication and academic success. By addressing vocabulary development in an inclusive manner, educators can ensure that all learners, regardless of their backgrounds or language abilities, have equal access to opportunities for language acquisition and comprehension.

Here are some tips on vocabulary instructions for ELLs.

https://www.colorincolorado.org/article/best-practice-ells-vocabulary-instruction

https://www.readingrockets.org/article/vocabulary-development-ells