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The Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, marking the end of a communist superpower. Economic decline, nationalist movements, and political reforms contributed to its breakup, resulting in the emergence of independent states in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

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The Yom Kippur War, also known as the October War, occurred in 1973 between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria. The war began on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur and caught Israel by surprise. Although initially facing difficulties, Israel managed to repel the Arab forces and achieve a strategic victory, resulting in territorial changes and subsequent peace negotiations.

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Ho Chi Minh was the Vietnamese communist revolutionary who led the country's struggle for independence against French and later American forces.

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Fidel Castro was the Cuban revolutionary and leader who governed Cuba as Prime Minister and later as President .

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Gamal Abdel Nasser was the second President of Egypt, known for nationalization of the Suez Canal and leadership in the Non-Aligned Movement.

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Harry S. Truman was the 33rd President of the US, from 1945 to 1953. He authorized the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II and established the Truman doctrine.

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Leonid Brezhnev was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the URSS from 1964 to 1982. He took part in the invasion of Afghanistan and the Era of Stability.

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Nikita Khrushchev was the Soviet leader from 1953 to 1964. He oversaw the Cuban Missile Crisis and initiated a period of de-Stalinization.

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Richard Nixon was the President of the United States from 1969 to 1974, ending the Vietnamese War, opening relationships with China and starting the détente with the URSS.

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Josip Broz Tito was the leader of Yugoslavia from 1943 to 1980, achieving important reforms in the country and mantaining his country far from both the Western and Eastern blocs.

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Mao Zedong was the founding father of the People's Republic of China and the leader of the Chinese Communist Party.

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Ronald Reagan was the 40th President of the United States, as well as an actor, and a prominent figure in the Cold War era.

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Winston Churchill was a British statesman and Prime Minister during World War II, known for his leadership and powerful speeches.

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Mijail Gorbachov was the Soviet leader from 1985 to 1991, known for his policies of Glasnost and Perestroika that led to the end of the Cold War and the Soviet Union.

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John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States who served from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.

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The fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, was a pivotal moment in history. The wall, which had divided East and West Berlin since 1961, was brought down by the people, symbolizing the end of the Cold War and the reunification of Germany. It marked a significant step towards the collapse of the Soviet Union.

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Perestroika was a policy of political and economic restructuring introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s. It aimed to revitalize the Soviet economy and increase political openness. Perestroika led to some economic reforms but ultimately contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.

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THE LAUNCH OF THE APOLLO XI: NEIL ARMSTRONG (1969)

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THE LAUNCH OF THE APOLLO XI: NEIL ARMSTRONG (1969)

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Neil Armstrong was the astronaut who commanded the historic Apollo 11 mission, along with Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins, which landed the first humans on the Moon. On July 20, 1969, Armstrong became the first person to step foot on the lunar surface, famously saying, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

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Yuri Gagarin was a Soviet cosmonaut and became the first human to journey into space. On April 12, 1961, he orbited the Earth aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft, marking a major milestone in space exploration. His achievement paved the way for future space missions.

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The launch of Sputnik was a significant event in human history. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. It marked the beginning of the Space Age and sparked the space race between the Soviet Union and the United States.

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During the Cold War, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. They wanted to support the communist government there and increase their influence in the region. However, Afghan resistance fighters, supported by the US and its allies, fought against the Soviet forces. The war lasted until the Soviet withdrawal in 1989.

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The Vietnam War was a prolonged conflict that took place from 1955 to 1975. It was fought between North Vietnam, supported by communist allies, and South Vietnam, backed by the United States and other anti-communist nations. The war resulted in a communist victory and had significant political, social, and humanitarian consequences.

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SALT I, or the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, was a series of negotiations between the US and the URSS during the Cold War. The talks resulted in the signing of the treaty in 1972, which limited the number of intercontinental and submarine-launched ballistic missiles each side could possess. The treaty aimed to reduce the arms race and promote stability between the two superpowers.

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The oil crisis refers to a series of events in the 1970s marked by a significant increase in oil prices and supply disruptions. It was triggered by oil embargo on Western nations in response to their support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War. The crisis led to global economic struggles, energy conservation efforts, and a reevaluation of energy policies worldwide.

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The NPT, or Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, is an international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons. It was opened for signature in 1968 and has been approved by almost all countries. The NPT promotes disarmament, non-proliferation, and the peaceful use of nuclear energy under international safeguards.

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The Prague Spring refers to a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia in 1968 under the leadership of Alexander Dubček. It aimed to introduce reforms, including increased freedom of speech and press. However, it was crushed by the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact allies who invaded Czechoslovakia, ending the period of political openness.

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The Six-Day War was a brief conflict that took place in 1967 between Israel and neighboring Arab states, including Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. Israel launched an attack and achieved a fast victory, gaining control of the Sinai Peninsula. The war had significant geopolitical implications for the region.

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The Cultural Revolution was a political movement launched in China by Mao Zedong in 1966. It aimed to enforce socialist ideology, eliminate perceived bourgeois elements, and strengthen Mao's control. It resulted in widespread social upheaval, political purges, and economic disruption, causing significant social and cultural damage until its end in 1976.

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THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BERLIN WALL (1961)

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THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BERLIN WALL (1961)

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The construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 was a significant event during the Cold War. The wall was built by East Germany to prevent the flow of East Germans to the West, and was heavily guarded by Soviet forces. The construction of the wall was a symbol of the division between the communist East and the capitalist West, and remained in place until its fall in 1989.

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The Hungarian Revolution was a nationwide revolt that occurred in Hungary in 1956. It began as a student protest demanding political reforms and evolved into a full-scale uprising against Soviet-imposed communist rule. The revolution was brutally suppressed by Soviet forces, resulting in thousands of casualties and further solidifying Soviet control over Hungary.

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The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance established in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite states, including Poland, East Germany, and Hungary. It was formed as a response to NATO and aimed to maintain Soviet control over Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The pact was dissolved in 1991 with the end of the Cold War.

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THE CUBAN REVOLUTION (1953-1959), THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (1962)

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THE CUBAN REVOLUTION (1953-1959), THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (1962)

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The Cuban Revolution of 1959 led to the establishment of a socialist government in Cuba, with Fidel Castro as its leader. In 1962, the URSS placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, sparking the Cuban Missile Crisis. The crisis was a pivotal moment in the Cold War, as the US and Soviet Union came close to nuclear war before reaching a peaceful resolution. The crisis ended with the Soviet Union removing the missiles from Cuba in exchange for a US promise of not invading Cuba and to remove US missiles from Turkey.

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The Suez Canal Crisis of 1956 was a major event during the Cold War. The crisis began when Egyptian President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which was owned by Britain and France. In response, Britain, France, and Israel launched a military invasion of Egypt and with the URSS providing military aid to Egypt. The crisis led to a withdrawal of British, French, and Israeli forces, and strengthened Nasser's position in the Middle East.

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The Korean War was a major conflict that took place from 1950 to 1953. The war began when North Korea, supported by the URSS and China, invaded South Korea, which was supported by the US and other Western countries. The war ended in an armistice in 1953, with the two Koreas remaining divided to this day.

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CHINA: THE FIFTH COUNTRY TO HAVE THE ATOMIC BOMB (1964)

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CHINA: THE FIFTH COUNTRY TO HAVE THE ATOMIC BOMB (1964)

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NATO Headquarters, Avenue Leopold III, Bruselas, Bélgica

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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established in 1949 as a military alliance of Western European and North American countries. The creation of NATO was a response to the perceived threat of Soviet expansionism in Europe after World War II.

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FRANCE: THE FOURTH COUNTRY TO HAVE THE ATOMIC BOMB (1960)

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FRANCE: THE FOURTH COUNTRY TO HAVE THE ATOMIC BOMB (1960)

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THE UK: THE THIRD COUNTRY TO HAVE THE ATOMIC BOMB (1952)

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THE UK: THE THIRD COUNTRY TO HAVE THE ATOMIC BOMB (1952)

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THE SOVIET UNION: THE SECOND COUNTRY TO HAVE THE ATOMIC BOMB (1949)

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THE SOVIET UNION: THE SECOND COUNTRY TO HAVE THE ATOMIC BOMB (1949)

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Washington D. C., Distrito de Columbia, EE. UU.

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THE USA: THE FIRST COUNTRY WITH THE ATOMIC BOMB (1942)

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THE USA: THE FIRST COUNTRY WITH THE ATOMIC BOMB (1942)

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The Indochina War took place from 1946 to 1954. It was fought between the French, who sought to maintain colonial control over Indochina, and Vietnamese nationalist forces led by Ho Chi Minh. The war ended with the victory of Vietnamese forces at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, leading to the division of Vietnam into North and South and eventually the Vietnam War.

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The creation of the state of Israel in 1948 occurred during the early stages of the Cold War. The United States supported the establishment of Israel, while the URSS opposed it. The newly formed Israel became a key ally of the USA in the Middle East, while the Soviet Union supported Arab nations opposed to Israel. This contributed to the ongoing tensions of the Cold War in the region.

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Satellite communist countries

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Leader of the COMMUNIST BLOCK

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West Germany, Skalitzer Straße, Berlín, Alemania

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Leader of the CAPITALIST BLOCK

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In February 1948, a communist-led coup d'état took place in Czechoslovakia, resulting in the establishment of a communist government and the start of Soviet dominance over the country.

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BLOCKADE OF BERLIN AND AMERICAN AIRLIFT (1948)

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BLOCKADE OF BERLIN AND AMERICAN AIRLIFT (1948)

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The blockade of Berlin occurred when the URSS blocked all land and water access to West Berlin. In response, the US launched an airlift operation to supply the city with food, fuel, and other necessities. It became a symbol of Western resolve against Soviet aggression.

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The US foreign policy that sought to contain the spread of communism worldwide at the beginning of the Cold War is known as the Truman Doctrine. It was based on offering economic and military assistance to countries to prevent them from falling into the Soviet orbit.